婦幼課堂:免疫針真的安全有效嗎?(譯自wesleybb的英文書籍)

英文原文請(qǐng)見<《免疫針－是否有效及安全》－英文圖片版>
http://37tcm。net/forum/viewthrea ... hlight=%C3%E2%D2%DF

#2樓為全部翻譯的文章,


#3樓為中英對(duì)照.


應(yīng)該有很多錯(cuò)誤,請(qǐng)不吝指出.

[ Last edited by 尋找中醫(yī) on 2006/10/4 at 22:35 ]
－－－－－－－－－－－前言

本書來(lái)源于本人研究疫苗真相的發(fā)現(xiàn)。在我的兒子剛出生的時(shí)候，這個(gè)事情就變得尤為重要了。我開始從地方、州、大學(xué)和醫(yī)學(xué)圖書館收集大量資料。這些資料中的很大一部分來(lái)自于科學(xué)刊物。我挨個(gè)研究了每個(gè)強(qiáng)制性疫苗。疫苗是用來(lái)預(yù)防疾病的什么癥狀？如果感染了該病，那么會(huì)有多危險(xiǎn)？我也尋找了 1)疫苗是疾病影響范圍全面減少的確切證據(jù)2) 疫苗有效的證據(jù)（它能有真正的免疫能力嗎？)，3)副作用和安全性。
慢慢地，我的迷惑開始澄清了。許多疫苗不能說(shuō)明它們就是疾病影響范圍減少的原因。本書的一些圖例描述了這一事實(shí)：在很多疫苗應(yīng)用之前，有多少疾病自身在數(shù)量以及嚴(yán)重性方面已經(jīng)減低了。許多疫苗也不能提出它們具有免疫性的證據(jù)。事實(shí)上，一些研究顯示疾病更可能是被那些對(duì)這些疾病免疫過(guò)的人所傳染，而不是那些沒有免疫過(guò)的人。最后，許多疫苗并不安全。成千上萬(wàn)的兒童已經(jīng)被這些疫苗損害。驚厥，智力遲鈍以及死亡只是許多潛在“副作用”的少數(shù)幾種。
除了這些發(fā)現(xiàn)而外，在醫(yī)學(xué)專門組織結(jié)構(gòu)（醫(yī)療工業(yè)聯(lián)合體)的許多實(shí)權(quán)人物都知道這些事情，但是他們暗地里似乎有協(xié)議似的來(lái)模糊掩蓋這些事實(shí)，讓人們難以認(rèn)識(shí)到真相，并且欺騙公眾。這些機(jī)構(gòu)包括WHO（世界衛(wèi)生組織)的有影響力的成員，AMA（美國(guó)醫(yī)學(xué)聯(lián)合會(huì))，AAP（全美兒科學(xué)會(huì))，CDC（疾病防控中心)，F(xiàn)DA（食品藥物管理局)，重要的醫(yī)學(xué)期刊，醫(yī)院，健康教授，科學(xué)家，驗(yàn)尸官，以及疫苗制造廠商。多年以來(lái)——甚至從本世紀(jì)初期，當(dāng)醫(yī)療專門組織機(jī)構(gòu)被賦予合法的健康治療壟斷權(quán)以來(lái)——在這些機(jī)構(gòu)內(nèi)外的個(gè)人的不同意見和他們被廣泛認(rèn)可的警告都被扼殺。但是醫(yī)生也是人；他們這個(gè)對(duì)病人的病痛不為所動(dòng)的聯(lián)合群體只不過(guò)是隱藏了他們各自不同的差異和感情。例如，一些醫(yī)生確實(shí)警告了家長(zhǎng)關(guān)于疫苗的潛在危險(xiǎn)。有一些醫(yī)生甚至要求家長(zhǎng)在表格上簽字來(lái)免除小孩接受疫苗注射之后發(fā)生危害帶來(lái)的責(zé)任。拒絕給自己孩子接種疫苗的醫(yī)學(xué)專家正在準(zhǔn)備發(fā)表此類的有力的聲明，害怕行政問(wèn)責(zé)或者剔除無(wú)視有關(guān)資料的醫(yī)療政策制定者也這樣干。尤其當(dāng)整個(gè)國(guó)家都相信他們片面的結(jié)論，將無(wú)辜的兒童置于他們的照看之下的時(shí)候更是如此。
另一方面，很少有家長(zhǎng)愿意去尋找有關(guān)是否需要接種疫苗的自己的結(jié)論。他們頑固，幾乎是虔誠(chéng)地相信他們的醫(yī)生以及兒科醫(yī)師。他們害怕問(wèn)問(wèn)題，甚至害怕考慮自己所擁有的選擇權(quán)！許多家長(zhǎng)僅僅是不愿意為健康相關(guān)的決定負(fù)責(zé)任。但是父母最終還是要為他們自己的健康以及他們孩子的健康承擔(dān)責(zé)任。
我寫這本書的目的是讓包括讀者在內(nèi)的家長(zhǎng)也許能夠?qū)τ嘘P(guān)疫苗的事情作出更為明智的抉擇。我不鼓吹這些觀點(diǎn)，我也不先入為主地認(rèn)為什么對(duì)你和你的家庭是好的。我只想用一種清晰而直白的方式擺出事實(shí)。因此，如果讀了本書之后你仍有問(wèn)題以及關(guān)心的事項(xiàng)，我建議你研讀書后的參考資料以及你能找到的其他相關(guān)信息。事實(shí)上，我建議你繼續(xù)研究事情的真相——只要能得出一個(gè)恰當(dāng)解決疫苗兩難困境的辦法。

Neil Z. Miller
Medical Research Journalist
醫(yī)學(xué)研究專欄作家
兒童疫苗
疫苗是含有一定量的被弱化的病菌的注射劑，而這些病菌就是疫苗抗擊的對(duì)象。據(jù)說(shuō)這些弱化的病菌的工作原理是模擬身體產(chǎn)生抗體—保護(hù)身體，抵御有害細(xì)菌入侵的蛋白質(zhì)。“vaccine”（疫苗)這個(gè)術(shù)語(yǔ)來(lái)自于拉丁語(yǔ)“vacca”（母牛)。這是因?yàn)?a class="channel_keylink" href="http://gydjdsj.org.cn/tcm/2009/20090113020302_74937.shtml" target="_blank">牛痘中的物質(zhì)曾被注射給人體來(lái)保護(hù)人體免受天花的侵襲。
接種疫苗預(yù)防疾病的想法從1796年開始就有了。這年英國(guó)的一個(gè)內(nèi)科醫(yī)生Edward Jenner相信得了牛痘（一種不嚴(yán)重的疾病)的乳牛場(chǎng)女工不會(huì)得天花（一種致命的疾病)。那時(shí)Jenner從當(dāng)?shù)氐囊粋�(gè)已經(jīng)感染過(guò)牛痘的乳牛場(chǎng)女工的手上取出了一些患病物質(zhì)，并將這些物質(zhì)注入一個(gè)叫James Phipps的八歲健康男孩的割破的手臂里。于是這個(gè)男孩也得了牛痘。48天后，Jenner將含有天花病毒的物質(zhì)注入這個(gè)男孩身上。天花病毒就不起作用了。這是首次有記錄的疫苗接種。
今天，好幾種疫苗存在于世。這些疫苗在許多國(guó)家非常流行，甚至有時(shí)候是國(guó)家強(qiáng)制性要求接種的。多數(shù)人相信它們是安全有效的。然而，對(duì)幾種非常普遍地使用的疫苗的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)并不支持這一結(jié)論。

脊髓灰質(zhì)炎
Polio(脊髓灰質(zhì)炎)是由一種可以攻擊大腦神經(jīng)細(xì)胞以及脊髓的腸內(nèi)病毒引起的接觸傳染性疾病.癥狀包括發(fā)燒,頭痛,喉嚨痛以及嘔吐.一些病患發(fā)展成了神經(jīng)并發(fā)癥,譬如肩背強(qiáng)硬,肌肉無(wú)力,關(guān)節(jié)疼痛以及四肢的一肢或者多肢以及呼吸肌的癱瘓.在嚴(yán)重的病例中甚至?xí)�由于呼吸麻痹產(chǎn)生致命的后果.
可以采取如下方式來(lái)治療:將病人放在床上,并將受到影響的肢體完全放松.如果呼吸受到影響,也許要使用呼吸器.根據(jù)情況也許還需要物理治療.
1955年,美國(guó)的一位內(nèi)科醫(yī)生以及科學(xué)家Jonas Salk博士改良出了滅活疫苗來(lái)對(duì)付polio.從那以后很快, Albert Sabin博士(也是美國(guó)的一位內(nèi)科醫(yī)生以及科學(xué)家)又改良成功了一種活性的口服菌苗.兩種疫苗據(jù)說(shuō)在預(yù)防疾病方面都是安全有效的.
結(jié)論: 許多人錯(cuò)誤地相信任何感染了脊髓灰質(zhì)炎的人都會(huì)癱瘓或者死亡.然而,多數(shù)感染的情況癥狀幾乎都差不多.事實(shí)上,在自然條件下接觸polio病毒的95%的人都不會(huì)表現(xiàn)任何癥狀,甚至在疾病流行的時(shí)候也不會(huì).大約5%的人受到感染并會(huì)經(jīng)歷輕微的癥狀,諸如喉嚨痛,頸部發(fā)硬,頭痛以及發(fā)燒,很多時(shí)候都被當(dāng)作感冒或者流感了.肌肉麻痹的情況據(jù)估計(jì)只會(huì)發(fā)生在感染了該疾病的大約1/1000的人中出現(xiàn).這種情況讓一些科學(xué)研究者得出了這一結(jié)論:少部分變成脊髓灰質(zhì)炎的人從解剖的角度來(lái)說(shuō)可能更易致病.絕大部分其他人也許對(duì)這種病菌自然就有了免疫力.
幾個(gè)研究已經(jīng)說(shuō)明了注射疫苗更加容易感染脊髓灰質(zhì)炎.事實(shí)上,研究人員自從1900年代開始就知道了脊髓灰質(zhì)炎經(jīng)常在注射疫苗的地方開始發(fā)生.當(dāng)白喉以及百日咳疫苗在1940年代開始臨床使用以后,脊髓灰質(zhì)炎的病例開始急劇增長(zhǎng)(圖1).這個(gè)事實(shí)記載在柳葉刀(西方最著名的醫(yī)學(xué)刊物之一)以及其他醫(yī)學(xué)刊物上.例如,1995年新英格蘭醫(yī)學(xué)期刊公布了一個(gè)研究結(jié)論,該結(jié)論說(shuō)明在接受脊髓灰質(zhì)炎的疫苗之后,在一個(gè)月內(nèi)再注射一針的小孩感染脊髓灰質(zhì)炎的可能性是沒有接受注射的小孩的8倍.
今天脊髓灰質(zhì)炎事實(shí)上在美國(guó)已經(jīng)不存在.然而,根據(jù)Robert Mendelsohn博士(醫(yī)學(xué)調(diào)查人以及兒科醫(yī)生)的說(shuō)法,沒有確切的科學(xué)證據(jù)證明脊髓灰質(zhì)炎的消失是因?yàn)橐呙绲淖饔?從1923年到1953年,在Salk的滅活疫苗臨床應(yīng)用之前,在美國(guó)和英格蘭的脊髓灰質(zhì)炎的死亡率就已經(jīng)自己分別下降了47和55個(gè)百分點(diǎn)(圖2).統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)也說(shuō)明了其他歐洲國(guó)家的同樣的下降情況.并且在疫苗真的投入使用的時(shí)候,許多歐洲國(guó)家質(zhì)疑了它的有效性,并且拒絕系統(tǒng)地為他們的公民接種.然而,脊髓灰質(zhì)炎也沒見在這些國(guó)家流行.
在大規(guī)模接種滅活疫苗之后,脊髓灰質(zhì)炎病例報(bào)導(dǎo)的數(shù)量大大超出沒有大規(guī)模注射以前,也許在美國(guó)翻了個(gè)倍.例如,Vermont在1954年8月30日結(jié)束的為期一年的報(bào)導(dǎo)中,報(bào)告了15例脊髓灰質(zhì)炎(在大規(guī)模接種之前), 而在1955年8月30日結(jié)束的為期一年報(bào)導(dǎo)中報(bào)導(dǎo)了55例(在大規(guī)模接種之后),增長(zhǎng)了266%. Rhode Island在接種時(shí)期之前以及之后分別報(bào)導(dǎo)了22例以及122例,增長(zhǎng)了454%.在新漢普郡(英國(guó)南部之一郡),數(shù)字分別是38和129;在（美國(guó))康涅狄格數(shù)字分別是144和276;在馬薩諸塞州分別是273和2027—巨增了642%(圖3).
1950年代,國(guó)立健康研究所的醫(yī)生和科學(xué)家當(dāng)時(shí)就充分意識(shí)到了Salk疫苗在引起脊髓灰質(zhì)炎.有些坦白表明了該疫苗”預(yù)防上毫無(wú)益處并且接種后會(huì)發(fā)生危險(xiǎn)”.他們拒絕給他們自己的小孩接種.衛(wèi)生部門禁止了疫苗接種. 愛達(dá)荷州(美國(guó)州名)衛(wèi)生部長(zhǎng)憤怒地宣稱:”我要Salk疫苗和它的制造廠商對(duì)于脊髓灰質(zhì)炎的爆發(fā),并害死了幾個(gè)愛達(dá)荷州人以及導(dǎo)致了許多愛達(dá)荷州人負(fù)責(zé).”甚至引用Salk自己的話來(lái)說(shuō):”在你給孩子接種了脊髓灰質(zhì)炎疫苗之后2到3星期,你都不要想睡好覺.”但是國(guó)家脊髓灰質(zhì)炎基金以及投了巨大資金在疫苗上的醫(yī)藥公司強(qiáng)迫美國(guó)公共衛(wèi)生服務(wù)機(jī)構(gòu)錯(cuò)誤地宣布疫苗是有效并且安全的.
在活性病毒脊髓灰質(zhì)炎疫苗投入臨床之后,定義脊髓灰質(zhì)炎的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)發(fā)生了改變.新的”脊髓灰質(zhì)炎流行”的定義需要有更多的病例報(bào)道.致癱的脊髓灰質(zhì)炎也重新定義了,使得確定并且計(jì)算病例變得更加困難.在疫苗臨床使用之前,病人只要出現(xiàn)了24小時(shí)麻痹癥狀,并不需要實(shí)驗(yàn)室的確認(rèn)以及測(cè)定來(lái)肯定殘余的(延長(zhǎng)的)麻痹.
新的定義要求病人表現(xiàn)出麻痹癥狀至少60天以上,并且殘余的麻痹必須在發(fā)病的過(guò)程中確認(rèn)2次以上.在疫苗臨床使用之后,非菌性腦膜炎(一種難以和脊髓灰質(zhì)炎區(qū)分的傳染性疾病)和柯薩奇病毒感染的報(bào)道從脊髓灰質(zhì)炎病例中分開了.但是這些病例在疫苗臨床使用之前卻是被當(dāng)作脊髓灰質(zhì)炎.報(bào)道的效力馬上就下降了(圖4圖5).(在要支持官方的免疫性目標(biāo)的時(shí)候,重新定義一種疾病是一種普通策略,這是不管道德置疑的—天花也是如此.例如,在大不列顛,衛(wèi)生部承認(rèn)個(gè)人接種疫苗的狀況是診斷中的導(dǎo)向因素.換句話說(shuō),如果某人接種疫苗之后感染了該病,該疾病就用另一個(gè)名字來(lái)記錄.)
1976年,Jonas Salk博士(1950年代臨床使用的滅活疫苗發(fā)明者)證實(shí)了滅活疫苗(從1960年代到2000年專門在美國(guó)使用)”即使不是唯一的,也是主要的”自1961年以來(lái)美國(guó)報(bào)道的所有脊髓灰質(zhì)炎病例的原因.(這種病毒可以存在喉嚨中1到2星期,也可存在于糞便中長(zhǎng)達(dá)2個(gè)月.因此,接種的人具有傳染的危險(xiǎn)性,并具有潛在傳播該疾病的可能性,因?yàn)樵摬《驹谂判刮镏心軌蚶^續(xù)存活.)在1992年,聯(lián)邦疾控中心公開承認(rèn)活性疫苗已成為了美國(guó)發(fā)生脊髓灰質(zhì)炎的主要原因.實(shí)際上,根據(jù)疾控中心的數(shù)據(jù),自從1979年以來(lái)的每例脊髓灰質(zhì)炎都是由口服脊髓灰質(zhì)炎菌苗引起的.權(quán)威機(jī)構(gòu)聲稱每年大約有8例脊髓灰質(zhì)炎病例是由疫苗引起的.然而, 在分析了政府自己最近5年內(nèi)的疫苗數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)之后,一個(gè)獨(dú)立的調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn)了13,641個(gè)使用口服脊髓灰質(zhì)炎菌苗之后的相反的事件報(bào)告.這些報(bào)告包括6,364例送搶救室的病例以及540例死亡病例.公眾對(duì)于這些慘劇的憤怒成為了將口服脊髓灰質(zhì)炎疫苗從免疫計(jì)劃排除的推動(dòng)力.
美國(guó)健康和人類服務(wù)部公布的脊髓灰質(zhì)炎事實(shí)材料警告當(dāng)父母的滅活脊髓灰質(zhì)炎疫苗(IPV)會(huì)引起”嚴(yán)重的問(wèn)題,甚至死亡…”疫苗制造廠商警告說(shuō)Guillain-Barre綜合癥(一種肌肉無(wú)力以及神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)受到損害的衰弱疾病)”目前看來(lái)與另一種滅活脊髓灰質(zhì)炎病毒疫苗的使用有關(guān).”盡管該公司聲稱”兩者之間沒有確定因果關(guān)系,”他們也承認(rèn)在給嬰兒接種了IPV之后”發(fā)生了死亡”.然而,就象過(guò)去一樣,盡管有這些”危險(xiǎn)警告”,醫(yī)學(xué)權(quán)威繼續(xù)告知當(dāng)父母的當(dāng)前使用的滅活脊髓灰質(zhì)炎疫苗是安全有效的.
脊髓灰質(zhì)炎與癌癥: 1959年, Bernice Eddy發(fā)現(xiàn)全世界范圍內(nèi)使用的脊髓灰質(zhì)炎疫苗含有一種能夠引起癌癥的傳染媒.1960年, Merck研究所從事治療研究的Drs. Ben Sweet和M.R. Hilleman發(fā)現(xiàn)并確信了這種傳染媒—SV-40—這是一種能夠感染所有的猴類的猿類病毒,而脊髓灰質(zhì)炎疫苗就是用這些猴類的腎臟來(lái)產(chǎn)生的. Hilleman和Sweet在所有三種Albert Sabin的活性口服脊髓灰質(zhì)炎疫苗中都發(fā)現(xiàn)了SV-40,”尤其在使用到人類嬰兒身上的時(shí)候.”
對(duì)于SV-40進(jìn)一步的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)了更加使人不安的信息.這種致癌病毒不僅通過(guò)Sabin 的受污染方糖疫苗口服劑進(jìn)入人體,還直接通過(guò)注射進(jìn)入人們的血液中.很明顯,SV-40在Salk用來(lái)殺死微生物的甲醛中能夠存活并且污染了這種注射疫苗.專家估計(jì)在1954年和1963年間,三千萬(wàn)到一億的美國(guó)人以及大概一千萬(wàn)或者更多的全世界其他地方的人們?cè)谔撏�的消滅脊髓灰質(zhì)炎運(yùn)動(dòng)中感染了SV-40(圖6).
世界著名期刊發(fā)表了許多研究結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)SV-40是多種癌癥的催化劑.在腦瘤以及白血病中都發(fā)現(xiàn)了SV-40.1996年, Michele Carbone—芝加哥Loyola大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)中心的分子病理學(xué)家—可以在38%的骨癌以及58%的間皮瘤(一種致命的肺癌)中檢測(cè)到SV-40. Carbone的研究表明SV-40阻礙了一種通常情況下能夠保護(hù)細(xì)胞發(fā)生惡性變化的蛋白質(zhì)的形成.1998年,國(guó)家癌癥數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)分析表明:在接種了受SV-40感染的脊髓灰質(zhì)炎人群中,17%強(qiáng)的人得了骨癌,20%強(qiáng)的人得了腦癌以及178%(?)強(qiáng)的人得了間皮瘤.
也許這一點(diǎn)更令人擔(dān)憂: 在其他的研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),通過(guò)脊髓灰質(zhì)炎疫苗引入人類的SV-40,可以在人與人之間以及母親與孩子之間傳染, 這會(huì)導(dǎo)致該正在流行的猿類病毒大規(guī)模爆發(fā).對(duì)于59,000名婦女的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在1959年到1965年內(nèi)接種過(guò)Salk疫苗的母親的孩子患腦癌的可能性是沒有接種過(guò)這些注射疫苗的13倍.
另一個(gè)在美國(guó)醫(yī)學(xué)期刊<癌癥研究>中發(fā)表的研究表明,SV-40存在于健康試驗(yàn)對(duì)象的23%的血液樣本和45%的精液樣本中.很明顯,該病毒正在通過(guò)性傳播以及通過(guò)子宮在母子之間傳播.據(jù)生物和遺傳學(xué)教授Mauro Tognon (其中一個(gè)研究結(jié)論的作者)說(shuō),這可以說(shuō)明為什么在過(guò)去25年內(nèi),腦癌,骨癌以及肺癌在美國(guó)為什么不斷增長(zhǎng),并且光腦瘤就增長(zhǎng)了30%.也說(shuō)明了為什么SV-40在1965年后出生,并據(jù)推斷沒有接種過(guò)脊髓灰質(zhì)炎疫苗的小孩中也能檢測(cè)到該病毒.
不論官方如何否認(rèn)脊髓灰質(zhì)炎疫苗, SV-40以及日益增長(zhǎng)的癌癥發(fā)病率之間的任何關(guān)聯(lián),截止2001年4月,全世界30個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)室的62篇論文都報(bào)告了人身組織以及腫瘤中間的SV-40. 該病毒也在腦垂體腫瘤,甲狀腺腫瘤以及患有腎臟疾病的病人中發(fā)現(xiàn).
Polio疫苗和愛滋病:SV-40病毒只是為數(shù)眾多的污染了polio疫苗的猿類病毒中的一種(SV-40是在polio疫苗中發(fā)現(xiàn)的能夠引發(fā)癌癥的猴類病毒, 該病毒已經(jīng)用在全世界數(shù)百萬(wàn)毫無(wú)戒備心的人們身上).”由于猴子的腎作為培養(yǎng)基是無(wú)數(shù)猿類病毒的宿主,這些病毒發(fā)現(xiàn)的數(shù)目多少有賴于尋找這些病毒的工作的進(jìn)一步開展,制造商面臨的這個(gè)難題即使不是不可克服的,也是相當(dāng)困難的.”有一位早期的疫苗研究者寫信給了國(guó)會(huì)陪審團(tuán)—陪審團(tuán)在研究含有越來(lái)越多的病毒的猴腎培養(yǎng)的活性polio疫苗.”隨著我們檢測(cè)技術(shù)手段的提高,我們也許會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)在我們所有的大量疫苗中,不含有猿類病毒的疫苗越來(lái)越少.”
據(jù)Ronald Desrosier(哈fo醫(yī)學(xué)元教授)說(shuō),猴腎中培養(yǎng)的越來(lái)越多的polio疫苗的應(yīng)用是一個(gè)”定時(shí)炸彈”.很顯然有些存在于猴身上的病毒對(duì)猴子不會(huì)造成傷害.但是如果這些病毒由于其他各種原因在物種之間傳播并且進(jìn)入人群,新的疾病就會(huì)發(fā)生. Desrosier繼續(xù)說(shuō):”使用猴類身體組織來(lái)生產(chǎn)人類疫苗的危險(xiǎn)性在于,一些猴類中產(chǎn)生的病毒也許會(huì)通過(guò)疫苗傳播到人類中間,從而產(chǎn)生很嚴(yán)重的健康問(wèn)題.” Desrosier還警告說(shuō),我們只能夠檢測(cè)出已知的病毒,由于我們的知識(shí)所限,還有大約”2%存在的猴類病毒”我們不知道.
在1950年代,1960年代以及1970年代,病毒檢測(cè)技術(shù)還相當(dāng)粗糙不可靠,那時(shí)polio疫苗就開始生產(chǎn)并且臨床應(yīng)用了.直到1980年代,新的更為先進(jìn)的檢測(cè)過(guò)程才完善了.那時(shí)研究者發(fā)現(xiàn)大約50%的非洲綠猴—選擇用來(lái)制造polio病毒的靈長(zhǎng)類動(dòng)物—感染了猿類免疫缺陷病毒(SIV),這種病毒跟人類的免疫缺陷病毒(HIV,導(dǎo)致AIDS的傳染媒)有很大的關(guān)系.這一情況引起了一些研究者懷疑HIV病毒也許只不過(guò)是”宿于并適應(yīng)人體宿主”的SIV病毒.這也引起了另一些研究者懷疑一旦SIV通過(guò)受到污染的polio疫苗進(jìn)入人群,也許就已經(jīng)變種成了HIV.實(shí)際上,根據(jù)AIDS病毒專家Robert Gallo說(shuō),有些形式的SIV猴類病毒在實(shí)踐上根本無(wú)法與一些人類HIV病毒的變種區(qū)分.”猴類病毒就是人類病毒.有些猴類病毒跟HIV-2分離菌之間的接近關(guān)系與HIV-2分離菌之間的接近關(guān)系一般無(wú)二.”
今天的疫苗:暫且不管polio疫苗那”悠久”的動(dòng)物病毒污染史,今天的非活性注射劑的制造和早期的形式非常相似.”病毒在猴腎細(xì)胞的連續(xù)生產(chǎn)線上生長(zhǎng)…再補(bǔ)以小牛免疫血清來(lái)加強(qiáng)…”疫苗還含有兩種抗生素(新霉素和鏈霉素)以及甲醛.在加拿大,非活性polio疫苗是在人類胎兒組織上生產(chǎn)的.在世界的其他地方,高病毒性的polio菌株(在口服polio疫苗中變種以及重新組織而來(lái))正在誘導(dǎo)出空前的癱瘓和死亡的爆發(fā).


破傷風(fēng)
Tetanus(破傷風(fēng))是一種能夠引起嚴(yán)重的肌肉萎縮的非傳染性細(xì)菌疾病.它也叫l(wèi)ockjaw(牙關(guān)緊閉癥).因?yàn)橛行┑昧诉@種病的病患不能張開嘴巴以及吞咽.其他癥狀還有精神萎靡不振,頭痛以及呼吸時(shí)伴隨的痙攣.
Tetanus是由一種叫Clostridium tetani的細(xì)菌產(chǎn)生的毒素引起的.這種隱蔽的微生物(孢子)生活在土壤,灰塵以及肥料里.他們能夠通過(guò)割破的以及刺破的傷口進(jìn)入人體,但是只能夠在無(wú)氧環(huán)境下繁殖.潛伏期從幾天到三周不等(潛伏期為出現(xiàn)傷口到第一次癥狀的出現(xiàn)為止).然而,在多數(shù)情況下,很好地注意了傷口的衛(wèi)生就會(huì)消除發(fā)生tetanus的可能.刺得很深的傷口以及有很多死組織的傷口需要徹底清潔,并且直到皮下組織開始愈合的時(shí)候才能縫合傷口.
1933年就有了一種類毒素tetanus疫苗.現(xiàn)在tetanus免疫蛋白球(TIG)注射劑也有了(一種抗毒素).
在發(fā)生嚴(yán)重創(chuàng)傷之后,這種注射劑也許有利于自身抗體水平較低的人(包括沒有免疫的個(gè)人).這種注射劑將抵抗tetanus的抗體直接注進(jìn)人體內(nèi).由tetanus免疫蛋白球(TIG)得到的抗體水平通常足以抵抗疾病.
結(jié)論:在1800年代中期,在美國(guó)軍隊(duì)人員中每100,000例傷口有205例tetanus發(fā)生.在1900年代早期,這一比率已經(jīng)減少到每100,000例中有16例—降低了92%.在1940年代中期,tetanus的發(fā)生率甚至降到了每100,000例傷口中只有0.44例.一些研究人員將這一降低的情況歸功于對(duì)傷口的衛(wèi)生護(hù)理更為注意了.
今天,權(quán)威人士宣稱每年在世界范圍內(nèi)tetanus感染了大約500,000個(gè)人,主要是在發(fā)展中國(guó)家.然而,從1990年到1999年(10年期)美國(guó)總共有473例tetus,平均每年47例.在這些病例中,70人死亡,大約每年7人.致死病例比率為15%(圖7).在澳大利亞,每年大約有10例tetanus,其中10%死亡.在加拿大,最近幾年每年大約有5例tetanus,自從1990年以來(lái)就沒有死亡記錄.
在1970年代和1980年代期間, 在所有tetanus病例中美國(guó)大約有70%,澳大利亞有80%發(fā)生在超過(guò)50歲的成人中.所有致死的tetanus中大約95%發(fā)生在這個(gè)年齡的人群中.在美國(guó)只有5%的tetanus病例發(fā)生在小于20歲的人中,并且很少死亡.
在1990年代期間,在25到59歲之間的病例的百分率發(fā)生了增長(zhǎng).例如,1999年有40例tetanus.5例(12.5%)發(fā)生在超過(guò)59歲的人中;22例(55%)發(fā)生在25到59歲的人中.這個(gè)年齡群中22例有7例是靜脈毒品使用者;這些病例中有兩例死亡.
許多研究和病例報(bào)告將tetanus疫苗和嚴(yán)重甚至致命的反應(yīng)聯(lián)系起來(lái),包括諸如Guillain-Barre綜合癥(GBS)這種神經(jīng)和麻痹紊亂癥,神經(jīng)脫髓鞘疾病,關(guān)節(jié)炎,過(guò)敏性休克以及其他危及生命的過(guò)敏性反應(yīng).
新英格蘭醫(yī)學(xué)期刊公布了一個(gè)研究結(jié)果,該結(jié)果表明tetanus強(qiáng)化疫苗引起T淋巴細(xì)胞血球計(jì)數(shù)比率降到低于正常水平.一直到兩周后,這個(gè)比率降低得最大.該研究的研究者指出,這些改變了的比率與HIV/AIDS病人的情況很相似.甚至?xí)簳r(shí)的正常T淋巴細(xì)胞血球計(jì)數(shù)比率受到抑制都會(huì)讓人很不舒服,并且這也許是在嬰兒身上發(fā)現(xiàn)的至少一種免疫紊亂的潛在原因.
1994年,美國(guó)醫(yī)藥研究所(IOM)確證了tetanus類毒素,手臂神經(jīng)炎以及Guillain-Barre綜合癥之間的因果關(guān)系.IOM還報(bào)告了幾例在注射tetanus疫苗四小時(shí)之內(nèi)發(fā)生的過(guò)敏性反應(yīng).這些過(guò)敏性反應(yīng)會(huì)導(dǎo)致嘴巴腫脹,不能呼吸,休克,虛脫或者死亡這些嚴(yán)重的,致命的變態(tài)反應(yīng).
1997年,流行病學(xué)公布了一個(gè)比較未接種疫苗的兒童和接種過(guò)tetanus疫苗的兒童中發(fā)生哮喘和過(guò)敏性反應(yīng)的比率.沒有接種的兒童在10歲前沒有發(fā)作哮喘或者治療過(guò)哮喘或者其他過(guò)敏性疾病的記錄.在接種過(guò)的兒童中,23%的兒童發(fā)作過(guò)哮喘并且治療過(guò)哮喘,并且30%的治療過(guò)其他過(guò)敏性疾病.在5歲以及16歲年齡的兒童中也能發(fā)現(xiàn)類似的情況.
2000年,<行為和生理療法期刊>的最新研究成果證實(shí)早期的一些發(fā)現(xiàn)—接種了DPT或者tetanus疫苗的小孩比起那些沒有接種過(guò)的小孩更加容易有”哮喘史”或者其他”呼吸過(guò)敏性反應(yīng)”.該研究從1988年到1994年間進(jìn)行,包括了近14,000個(gè)嬰兒,小孩以及青少年,年齡跨度從2個(gè)月到16歲.一個(gè)接種了DPT或者tetanus的小孩多出50%的可能經(jīng)歷嚴(yán)重的過(guò)敏反應(yīng),多出80%可能經(jīng)歷竇炎,多出兩倍的可能性得哮喘.實(shí)際上,從事該研究的人員計(jì)算出”如果不接種DPT或者tetanus疫苗的話,在美國(guó)診斷出來(lái)的小孩以及青少年的哮喘中(2.93百萬(wàn))50%可以預(yù)防.同樣地,在為期12個(gè)月內(nèi)的45%的竇炎病例(4.94百萬(wàn))以及54%的與鼻子和眼睛綜合癥相關(guān)的敏感事件(10.54百萬(wàn))在不使用疫苗之后將會(huì)停止發(fā)生.”


麻疹

Measles（麻疹)是一種由侵襲呼吸系統(tǒng)，皮膚以及眼睛的病毒引起的接觸傳染病。癥狀包括高燒，咳嗽，流鼻涕，嗓子疼以及眼睛發(fā)紅且過(guò)敏。在嘴巴里有小的中心灰白的粉紅色點(diǎn)。臉上令人發(fā)癢的粉紅色點(diǎn)潰爛并傳遍了周身。癥狀通常在一到兩周之后消失。治療方式主要就是任疾病按常規(guī)發(fā)展。
在1960年代之前,多數(shù)美國(guó)和加拿大的兒童都得過(guò)麻疹.該病的并發(fā)癥各不相同.病前健康的兒童通常沒什么大事就恢復(fù)了.然而,麻疹在新接觸該病毒的人群以及不發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家的營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良兒童中很危險(xiǎn).在發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家的毫無(wú)營(yíng)養(yǎng),衛(wèi)生條件差并且沒有充足醫(yī)療條件的赤貧社區(qū),麻疹的感染也很危險(xiǎn).在該病攻擊嬰兒,成人以及任何免疫系統(tǒng)不好的人的時(shí)候,并發(fā)癥也非常相似.(幾個(gè)研究表明,在麻疹病人服用了維生素A之后,他們的并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率以及死亡率大大減少.)
醫(yī)生以及其他健康專家經(jīng)常通過(guò)夸大風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的方法來(lái)嚇唬家長(zhǎng).例如,CDC發(fā)布的疫苗手冊(cè)宣稱每1000個(gè)感染了麻疹的兒童中就有一個(gè)會(huì)得腦炎(一種腦部感染).然而, Robert Mendelsohn博士(著名的兒科醫(yī)生以及疫苗研究者)說(shuō):”1/1000的發(fā)生率對(duì)于住在貧窮和缺乏營(yíng)養(yǎng)條件下的兒童來(lái)說(shuō)是準(zhǔn)確的.”但是對(duì)于其他每個(gè)人來(lái)說(shuō),”真正腦炎的發(fā)生率更可能是1/10,000或者1/100,000.”更何況,75%的這些病例也不會(huì)有腦子損壞的情況.
在1960年代之前,絕大多數(shù)在美國(guó)的兒童得過(guò)麻疹.1963年,一個(gè)由美國(guó)研究員John Enders領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的科學(xué)家團(tuán)隊(duì)發(fā)明了一種麻疹疫苗.大量的注射接種不久就開始了.
結(jié)論:麻疹在疫苗應(yīng)用之前很長(zhǎng)一段時(shí)間就開始顯著降低了.從1958年到1962年,病例減少了38%.死亡率下降得更多.1900年,在美國(guó)每100,000人口中有13.3例麻疹死亡病例.1955年(在初次麻疹注射前八年),死亡率已經(jīng)降低了97.7%,降到每100,000例中僅有0.03例死亡.在<國(guó)際死亡率統(tǒng)計(jì)>發(fā)表的數(shù)據(jù)中已經(jīng)證實(shí)了這一減少的事實(shí):1915年到1958年,在美國(guó)和英國(guó)的麻疹死亡率降低了98%(圖8).
麻疹疫苗沒有提供永久的免疫性.在接種的人口中傳染病還是有規(guī)律地發(fā)生. CDC的高級(jí)流行病學(xué)家William Atkinson博士承認(rèn)”接種人群中的麻疹傳播已經(jīng)清楚地記載下來(lái).在一些大爆發(fā)中…超過(guò)95%的病例都有過(guò)疫苗接種史.”實(shí)際上,根據(jù)世界衛(wèi)生組織的說(shuō)法,那些接種過(guò)抗麻疹病疫苗的人得麻疹的幾率比沒有接種的高15倍.
醫(yī)學(xué)文獻(xiàn)充滿了疫苗失敗的記錄.例如,1988年美國(guó)所有感染了麻疹的學(xué)齡兒童的68%都接種過(guò)疫苗.1989年這一數(shù)字是89%.1955年,美國(guó)所有麻疹病例的56%發(fā)生在以前接種過(guò)的人群中(圖9).
1996年,這種情況還在繼續(xù):麻疹的爆發(fā)主要發(fā)生在之前已經(jīng)接種過(guò)疫苗的兒童中.1999年,CDC繼續(xù)記載了大量接種過(guò)疫苗但卻得了麻疹的個(gè)人病例.
麻疹疫苗有很長(zhǎng)的引起嚴(yán)重逆反應(yīng)的歷史.負(fù)責(zé)生產(chǎn)麻疹疫苗的醫(yī)藥公司公布了一個(gè)在接種疫苗之后發(fā)生的全面的疾病清單.由于注射了這種”預(yù)防性”疫苗,嚴(yán)重的病痛影響了幾乎每個(gè)身體系統(tǒng)—血液,淋巴,消化,心臟,免疫,神經(jīng),呼吸以及感官系統(tǒng).這些疾病包括:腦炎,亞急性硬化全腦炎,Guillain-barre綜合癥,發(fā)熱以及無(wú)熱的抽搐,驚厥,非典型麻疹,血小板減少,淋巴結(jié)病,白細(xì)胞增多,肺炎, Stevens-Johnson綜合癥,紅斑,風(fēng)疹,耳聾,耳炎,視網(wǎng)膜炎,視神經(jīng)炎,皮疹,發(fā)燒,頭昏眼花,頭痛以及死亡.最近<柳葉刀>的一個(gè)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)了疫苗和腸子疾病之間的關(guān)系.接種了麻疹疫苗的人比起沒有接種的人多出二又二分之一倍的得潰瘍性結(jié)腸炎的可能性,多出三倍的得Crohn病的可能性.
麻疹疫苗戲劇性地通過(guò)轉(zhuǎn)移疾病發(fā)生率,改變了疾病的分布,將最不可能有大毛病的年齡群(5到9歲大)變成了最可能導(dǎo)致嚴(yán)重并發(fā)癥的年齡群(嬰兒,青少年以及成人).在疫苗應(yīng)用之前,很少有嬰兒感染麻疹.然而,到1990年代為止,在所有麻疹病例中有超過(guò)25%的病例發(fā)生在小于1歲的嬰兒身上.CDC的官方人員也承認(rèn)這一形勢(shì)可能會(huì)變得更糟,并將這一情況歸結(jié)于這些數(shù)目不斷增長(zhǎng)的媽媽,她們?cè)?960年代,1970年代,1980年代接種了疫苗.(當(dāng)自然免疫被壓制之后,媽媽們不再能夠傳遞母體的預(yù)防性抗體給她們的孩子.)1999年,<兒科>證實(shí)如果母親在1963年后出生,比起1963年之前出生的母親,他們的孩子有多出七又二分之一的可能性傳染上該疾病.
麻疹引起的肺炎以及肝功能異常的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)在青少年以及年齡較輕的成人這兩種年齡群中較大.根據(jù)<傳染病期刊>的研究結(jié)果,這些綜合癥已經(jīng)增長(zhǎng)了20%之多.相較于兒童來(lái)說(shuō), 嬰兒以及成人得麻疹的死亡危險(xiǎn)更高.
以下摘錄來(lái)自于有關(guān)疫苗傷害賠償?shù)呐銓張F(tuán)前的一個(gè)母親的證詞綜述(<健康和環(huán)境小組委員會(huì)前的親聆>)
“我叫Wendy Scholl.我和我丈夫Gary以及三個(gè)女兒Stacy, Holly和Jackie住在Florida州.我要強(qiáng)調(diào)一下,我們所有三個(gè)女兒出生的時(shí)候都是健康正常的嬰兒.在這里我想講述一下Stacy對(duì)麻疹疫苗的反應(yīng)…根據(jù)醫(yī)學(xué)專業(yè)的說(shuō)法,在接種疫苗7到10天內(nèi)的任何與神經(jīng)后遺癥或者痙攣或者腦部損傷都是麻疹反應(yīng)…
“在16個(gè)月大的時(shí)候, Stacy注射了麻疹疫苗.直到她注射后的第10天,她還是一個(gè)幸福,健康,正常的嬰兒,跟一般嬰兒一樣好奇,喜歡玩耍.此后在我走進(jìn)她房間的時(shí)候,發(fā)現(xiàn)她躺在嬰兒床上,胃部伸得很平,頭扭到了一邊.眼神癡呆.
“她不斷掙扎著喘氣.小腦袋躺在一灘從她嘴里流出來(lái)的血水中.這幕場(chǎng)景把我嚇傻了,然而那時(shí)我沒有意識(shí)到我幸福而活潑的寶寶再也不會(huì)象以往一樣了.
“當(dāng)我們達(dá)到急救室的時(shí)候,Stacy的體溫是107華氏度.在Stacy住院的前四天她一直在死亡邊沿掙扎.她昏迷不醒并且腎衰竭.她的肺充滿了液體并且她不斷發(fā)生痙攣.
“她的診斷是’疫苗后腦炎’并且預(yù)后很不好.她左邊癱瘓掉了,容易驚厥,有視覺問(wèn)題.然而,醫(yī)生告訴我說(shuō)我們還非常幸運(yùn).我卻一點(diǎn)都不覺得幸運(yùn).
“我們被這種疫苗嚇壞了,我們用它是為了確保孩子有一個(gè)更加安康的童年,然而卻幾乎要了她的命.我甚至不知道這種反應(yīng)存在的可能性.但是現(xiàn)在,這就是我們的現(xiàn)實(shí)情況.”


腮腺炎

腮腺炎是一種由病毒引起的傳染性疾病.疾病開始的時(shí)候是發(fā)燒,頭痛,肌肉痛以及疲乏.沿著顎線的耳下的唾腺腫大.在有些病例中,睪丸,卵巢以及女性乳房也許也腫大.
治療方式主要是任由疾病正常發(fā)展.很少需要醫(yī)藥干涉.癥狀通常在一周內(nèi)消失.疾病提供了永久的免疫能力;受到感染的人不會(huì)再感染這種疾病.
結(jié)論:當(dāng)在孩童的時(shí)候得腮腺炎,此時(shí)這種疾病相對(duì)不那么有危害.當(dāng)腮腺炎發(fā)生在青少年以及大人身上時(shí),盡管并發(fā)癥很少發(fā)生,但是癥狀比孩童時(shí)候更為嚴(yán)重.
例如,在青春期后得了腮腺炎的男性中大概有20%并發(fā)睪丸炎.這一情況使得一些權(quán)威人士宣稱如果一個(gè)男的得了腮腺炎,他就不能生小孩.然而,睪丸炎通常只影響一個(gè)睪丸;由于這種疾病導(dǎo)致不育的情況是非常少的.
腮腺炎據(jù)說(shuō)也與暫時(shí)的腦膜炎,短暫的失去聽力以及卵巢發(fā)炎有關(guān).完全恢復(fù)并且沒有任何并發(fā)癥通常需要幾天時(shí)間.永久的后遺癥(包括死亡)非常少.例如,1991年報(bào)告了一例由腮腺炎導(dǎo)致的死亡病例.
在1980年代早期,每年大約有4000例腮腺炎.1995年,美國(guó)只有不到1000例的記載.然而,由腮腺炎疫苗提供的人為免疫性并不能持久.有研究表明,以前接種過(guò)腮腺炎疫苗的人中間也有不少腮腺炎病例.例如,1987年在Minnesota學(xué)校就爆發(fā)了腮腺炎;769個(gè)患者中有632個(gè)(82%)是以前接種過(guò)疫苗的學(xué)生.在同一年,芝加哥期貨證券交易所的119名股票經(jīng)紀(jì)人在”接種了一種加強(qiáng)型腮腺炎疫苗之后”感染了腮腺炎.在1991年,在田納西學(xué)校爆發(fā)了腮腺炎;68個(gè)學(xué)生中有67個(gè)(99%)以前接種過(guò)疫苗.
在腮腺炎疫苗應(yīng)用之前,大多數(shù)在10歲以下的小孩感染了腮腺炎.然而,腮腺炎疫苗將發(fā)生率從幼兒轉(zhuǎn)移到了青少年以及成人.幼兒的腮腺炎是一種溫和而良性的疾病.當(dāng)年齡大點(diǎn)的人群感染了這種疾病之后就更為嚴(yán)重了.
在1967年到1971年間(腮腺炎大量使用之前),所有病例中的92%發(fā)生在14歲或者更小的人身上.只有8%的病例發(fā)生在15歲或者更大的青少年身上.到1987年為止(這個(gè)時(shí)間是疫苗在全國(guó)范圍內(nèi)大量使用幾年之后),所有病例中的38%發(fā)生在這個(gè)更大的年齡群中.
生產(chǎn)腮腺炎疫苗的醫(yī)藥公司公布了一個(gè)接種了腮腺炎或者M(jìn)MR(麻疹,腮腺炎以及風(fēng)疹)疫苗之后可能發(fā)生的全面的疾病清單.這些疾病有無(wú)菌性腦膜炎,腦炎,睪丸炎,糖尿病,腮腺炎,過(guò)敏性反應(yīng)以及死亡.
1986年,研究員公布了接種腮腺炎2到4周之后發(fā)生了糖尿病的小孩的數(shù)據(jù).1990年,報(bào)告了在接種疫苗之后30天的發(fā)生了糖尿病的幾個(gè)新病例.1991年,科學(xué)家報(bào)告了一例接種腮腺炎疫苗之后五個(gè)月發(fā)生了1型糖尿病的病例.同一年,其他研究員也記載了幾例接種腮腺炎疫苗之后發(fā)生了糖尿病以及胰腺炎的病例.1992年,180名歐洲醫(yī)生聯(lián)名指出,腮腺炎疫苗”能引發(fā)糖尿病,而該病在接種疫苗之后幾個(gè)月才明顯起來(lái).”同一年,<新英格蘭醫(yī)藥期刊>公布了確證病毒能引發(fā)糖尿病的數(shù)據(jù).今天,美國(guó)政府繼續(xù)接收接種MMR疫苗發(fā)生糖尿病的報(bào)告.
1993年,<柳葉刀>公布了確證無(wú)菌性腦炎是一種顯而易見的腮腺炎疫苗并發(fā)癥的數(shù)據(jù),這種疾病一般在接收疫苗注射之后的15到35天內(nèi)開始發(fā)作.同一年,日本將MMR疫苗從市場(chǎng)上撤除,因?yàn)樗�在�?044個(gè)人中就引起1個(gè)人發(fā)生腦炎.1994年,美國(guó)醫(yī)藥研究所承認(rèn)能夠從接種疫苗之后神經(jīng)受傷的病人身體中隔離并確認(rèn)出腮腺炎疫苗病毒.無(wú)菌性腦膜炎正式被認(rèn)為是由于腮腺炎疫苗導(dǎo)致的結(jié)果.


風(fēng)疹
風(fēng)疹是一種由病毒引起的接觸傳染性疾病.癥狀有輕微發(fā)燒,皮疹,喉嚨痛以及流鼻涕.腦后,耳后以及脖子的一側(cè)的淋巴結(jié)也許會(huì)變軟.在有些情況下,關(guān)節(jié)也許會(huì)變得又痛又腫.
治療方式主要就是讓疾病正常發(fā)展.很少需要醫(yī)療干涉.通常幾天之后癥狀就消失了.大多數(shù)病例提供了永久的免疫性,風(fēng)疹很少兩次感染同一個(gè)人.
結(jié)論:當(dāng)小孩感染了風(fēng)疹之后,實(shí)際上它是非常溫和的疾病.這種病通常溫和到能夠漏過(guò)檢查或者被當(dāng)作普通感冒.然而,如果一個(gè)懷孕前三個(gè)月的婦女得了這個(gè)病,她的孩子也許出生的時(shí)候會(huì)有缺陷.
1969年,第一個(gè)活性風(fēng)疹病毒疫苗在美國(guó)被許可臨床應(yīng)用.大約也是這個(gè)時(shí)候,幾個(gè)歐洲國(guó)家,加拿大以及日本也應(yīng)用了風(fēng)疹疫苗.1979年,疫苗制造商開始生產(chǎn)發(fā)布Wistar RA27/3(“適于并繁殖在WI-38人類雙倍肺纖維原細(xì)胞中”的活性風(fēng)疹菌株”).一般說(shuō)來(lái),這種疫苗產(chǎn)自流產(chǎn)胎兒的組織中獲得的細(xì)胞列中.這種疫苗至今仍在使用.
生產(chǎn)風(fēng)疹疫苗的醫(yī)藥公司公布了接種風(fēng)疹(或者M(jìn)MR)注射劑之后可能發(fā)生的全面的疾病清單.這些疾病包括關(guān)節(jié)炎,關(guān)節(jié)痛,肌痛,Guillain-Barre綜合癥,多神經(jīng)炎,***,過(guò)敏性反應(yīng)以及死亡.幾個(gè)研究已經(jīng)記錄了這些疾病以及其他接種風(fēng)疹疫苗之后的痛苦.例如,<柳葉刀>以及<傳染病期刊>各自獨(dú)立的研究都記錄了婦女在接受風(fēng)疹疫苗注射之后發(fā)生了”風(fēng)疹相關(guān)的關(guān)節(jié)炎”以及慢性關(guān)節(jié)炎.<風(fēng)濕病年報(bào)>的另一個(gè)研究也表明55%接種了抗風(fēng)疹疫苗的婦女在四周內(nèi)得了關(guān)節(jié)炎或者關(guān)節(jié)痛(圖11).
幾個(gè)研究人員已經(jīng)記錄了風(fēng)疹疫苗和神經(jīng)紊亂的相關(guān)性.另外有些人發(fā)現(xiàn)了與糖尿病之間的聯(lián)系.還有些研究將風(fēng)疹疫苗和慢性疲勞綜合癥(一種神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)衰弱紊亂癥)聯(lián)系了起來(lái).據(jù)一個(gè)研究的人員說(shuō),”在那些給小孩使用新疫苗(風(fēng)疹疫苗)以提供一般性免疫能力的國(guó)家,成人也許會(huì)由于呼吸分泌物的緣故持久性地一再接觸更加具有侵略性的新疫苗抗原…”換句話說(shuō),風(fēng)疹病毒會(huì)留連在剛接種過(guò)的小孩身上并且會(huì)傳染給對(duì)這種病毒比較敏感的大人.再感染產(chǎn)生了大量屢過(guò)性病毒抗體并導(dǎo)致了”病例中占多數(shù)的成年婦女出現(xiàn)典型的癥狀.”因而,”風(fēng)疹免疫性在慢性疲勞癥中病源學(xué)的可能位置值得進(jìn)一步研究.”
以下摘錄代表了相反的結(jié)論:
“我是一個(gè)學(xué)護(hù)理的學(xué)生.在接種MMR疫苗之后三個(gè)星期我開始感到很虛弱,疲勞,并且行動(dòng)遲緩.這導(dǎo)致了我雙手雙腳產(chǎn)生了麻痹.我接著得了Guillain-Barre綜合癥并且住院住了兩個(gè)月.我不能走路,移動(dòng)上肢很困難,產(chǎn)生了泌尿器官以及腹部問(wèn)題,部分面部癱瘓,并且我的體重減少了很多.以前我是一個(gè)活躍而健康的女人.我的醫(yī)生不知道我怎么會(huì)得這種綜合癥.”
“我的孩子在接種MMR之后的兩周內(nèi)得了風(fēng)疹.”
“我的女兒出生以后,由于我沒有抗體,我的產(chǎn)科醫(yī)生建議我接種MMR疫苗.接受注射之后的第一周,我全身發(fā)了皮疹.兩周之后,我的膝蓋,足踝以及手腕等關(guān)節(jié)輪流發(fā)生嚴(yán)重的疼痛.關(guān)節(jié)痛持續(xù)了七天,并且我開始得嚴(yán)重的疲勞癥.我的醫(yī)生立即說(shuō)這跟疫苗沒有關(guān)系”
“我是一個(gè)57歲年齡的注冊(cè)護(hù)士,由于雇傭條件的限制我必須接種MMR.大約接種14天后,我得了皮疹,右眼受到損傷,發(fā)燒,關(guān)節(jié)痛.我的關(guān)節(jié)痛并沒有消失,而是變成了慢性的,有時(shí)候簡(jiǎn)直不能忍受.我曾經(jīng)服用了多種藥物,這些藥物我有特別厲害的反應(yīng),甚至有時(shí)候因此都住了院.我一直不能工作,我曾經(jīng)提起了用工補(bǔ)償申訴,他們卻不承認(rèn).”
在風(fēng)疹疫苗使用前的1969年,成千上萬(wàn)的風(fēng)疹病例在社會(huì)上傳播.大多數(shù)孩子感染了這種疾病并且獲得了終生的抵抗能力.結(jié)果85%的成人自然免疫.在疫苗使用之后,研究人員開始注意到病例開始在接種后的人群中發(fā)生.實(shí)際上,血清學(xué)調(diào)查以及證實(shí)了包括了生育期婦女的大約15%的成人仍舊沒有預(yù)防這種疾病的能力—跟疫苗使用前的比例數(shù)一樣.
在風(fēng)疹疫苗批準(zhǔn)使用之前的1966年到1968年間, 所有病例中的77%發(fā)生在14歲年齡或者更小的年齡的人身上.所有病例中只有23%發(fā)生在15歲或者更大的年齡的人身上.然而到1990年為止,所有風(fēng)疹病例中的81%是發(fā)生在15歲或者更大的年齡的人身上,15歲到29歲年齡的人中增長(zhǎng)最大,這是主要的生育年齡段.從1994年到1997年這種趨勢(shì)一直繼續(xù),所有病例中有85%發(fā)生在15歲或者更大的年齡的人身上.
自從1969年應(yīng)用風(fēng)疹疫苗以來(lái),風(fēng)疹病例數(shù)目一直穩(wěn)步減少.例如,1970年在美國(guó)報(bào)告了超過(guò)56,000個(gè)病例;1980年是3,904個(gè);1990年1,125個(gè);2000年152個(gè).權(quán)威機(jī)構(gòu)把這個(gè)作為疫苗有效并且有益于社會(huì)的證據(jù).然而,如果疫苗不能保護(hù)還沒有出生的小孩發(fā)生生育缺陷的話,疫苗能減少風(fēng)疹病例數(shù)目的能力是不合邏輯的.實(shí)際上,在分析了數(shù)據(jù)之后,相反的結(jié)論是正確的這一點(diǎn)非常清楚.轉(zhuǎn)移了風(fēng)疹病例到更為危險(xiǎn)的年齡群的被誤導(dǎo)的疫苗政策引起了與出生相關(guān)的先天風(fēng)疹綜合癥(CRS)的增長(zhǎng).
1966年,政府開始保持統(tǒng)計(jì)先天風(fēng)疹綜合癥,在美國(guó)有11例報(bào)告.1967年只有10例,1968年有14例還要多.然而,當(dāng)在1969年應(yīng)用了風(fēng)疹疫苗之后,CDC記錄了31例CRS.1970年CRS病例暴漲到77例—比起疫苗使用前超過(guò)了600%.1971年有68例.在接下來(lái)的年份里這些數(shù)字一直都保持很高(圖12).年度人口變化調(diào)整也沒有改變這一結(jié)果.到1991年為止只有1,401例風(fēng)疹,但是CDC記錄了47例CRS.1992年風(fēng)疹降低到160例,并且只有11例CRS—這是CDC記錄的早到1966年疫苗還沒有應(yīng)用的25年的確切數(shù)字.
<新英格蘭醫(yī)學(xué)期刊>報(bào)告了所有醫(yī)院雇員的三分之一拒絕注射風(fēng)疹疫苗;81%的醫(yī)生拒絕這種疫苗,高級(jí)醫(yī)師接種率甚至更低.從那之后不久,<美國(guó)醫(yī)學(xué)協(xié)會(huì)期刊>報(bào)告了47%的Southern California大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)中心的雇員就不愿意參加疫苗接種運(yùn)動(dòng);78%的醫(yī)生不同意注射疫苗,甚至91%的產(chǎn)科醫(yī)生和婦科醫(yī)生拒絕參與這一運(yùn)動(dòng)(圖13).由于一部分醫(yī)生不情愿參與這種運(yùn)動(dòng),促使了Robert Mendelsohn博士提出了下面的倫理問(wèn)題:”如果醫(yī)生他們自己都害怕疫苗,究竟為什么法律要你以及其他父母將疫苗用在孩子身上呢?”


白喉

白喉是一種上呼吸系統(tǒng)的接觸性傳染細(xì)菌病.它主要由感染人群的咳嗽以及噴嚏傳播.感染之后的第一個(gè)癥狀出現(xiàn)2到5天.癥狀包括喉嚨痛,頭痛,咳嗽,發(fā)燒以及脖子的淋巴結(jié)腫大.隨著病情的發(fā)展,在扁桃體以及喉嚨的表面形成了一層厚膜,這層厚膜也許會(huì)伸展到氣管以及肺里面.這層膜也許會(huì)影響呼吸以及吞咽.在嚴(yán)重的病例中,如果不處理的話它會(huì)完全堵死呼吸道并引起死亡.其他并發(fā)癥包括心肌發(fā)炎以及呼吸麻痹.
白喉雖然需要醫(yī)藥治療,但是只需要普通的抗生素(例如青霉素)就可以應(yīng)付了.心衰用藥物治療,用呼吸機(jī)來(lái)幫助呼吸.1895年白喉抗毒素發(fā)明了并且至今還在使用.它能夠用在具有較低白喉抗體水平的人身上以及立即應(yīng)用在接觸了這種疾病之后的人身上.1920年代一種白喉疫苗臨床應(yīng)用了.這種改良的類毒素在1940年代與破傷風(fēng)以及百日咳(DPT)結(jié)合之后開始廣泛使用.
結(jié)論:白喉在19世紀(jì)是一種普通的疾病.例如,從1891年到1895年,紐約每年平均有7,200例.病例死亡率大約是5%.在美國(guó)1940年代白喉病例的數(shù)目每年在15,000到30,000之間波動(dòng).然而,1980年一種新的模式出現(xiàn)了,每年只有幾例.從1990年到2000年(一個(gè)11年周期), 記錄了25例白喉病例.其中三例導(dǎo)致了死亡.
在疫苗使用之前很長(zhǎng)一段時(shí)間白喉死亡率直線下降.在美國(guó)從1900年到1930年,白喉死亡率減少了85%.實(shí)際上,這種疾病的死亡率從1911年每10,000例中7.2例死亡減少到1935年每10,000例中0.9例死亡—降低了88%.
1975年,食品和藥物管理局(FDA)得出結(jié)論,白喉類毒素”不象預(yù)期的那樣是一種有效的免疫媒介.”權(quán)威機(jī)構(gòu)公開承認(rèn)白喉也許在接種了疫苗的個(gè)體中也會(huì)發(fā)生,并且指出”這種類毒素誘發(fā)的免疫的永久性…是可疑的.
在1979年,權(quán)威機(jī)構(gòu)改變了白喉的醫(yī)學(xué)定義.在改變之前,”呼吸”以及”吸入”病例是算在內(nèi)的.改變之后,僅僅吸入性病例被標(biāo)認(rèn)為是真正的白喉病.結(jié)果,官方統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)第二年立即顯示了95%的病例數(shù)目的下降(從1970年到1980年下降了99.3%).從那以后白喉病例數(shù)目每年都保持較低水平.
在1990年代中期,在東歐以及前蘇聯(lián)新獨(dú)立的國(guó)家爆發(fā)了白喉病.許多病例發(fā)生在正確接種過(guò)疫苗的人身上.結(jié)果,權(quán)威機(jī)構(gòu)質(zhì)疑了白喉接種項(xiàng)目的好處.
1999年,FDA宣布前一年給小孩接種的白喉疫苗”太弱了,不能預(yù)防抵抗白喉.”然而,由于白喉在美國(guó)和其他發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家已經(jīng)比較稀少,在小孩接種了這些無(wú)益的疫苗之后,官方不推薦小孩再接種新的疫苗.


百日咳

百日咳是一種感染呼吸系統(tǒng)的由細(xì)菌引起的接觸傳染病.有時(shí)叫whooping cough(百日咳), 這種疾病由感染了這種病的人發(fā)出的聲調(diào)高的咳嗽聲而得名,這些病人在這種嚴(yán)重的咳嗽發(fā)作的時(shí)候盡力想屏住呼吸.癥狀發(fā)展經(jīng)歷三個(gè)階段.第一個(gè)階段通常持續(xù)一到兩周,病人呼吸困難,也許會(huì)咳嗽并發(fā)燒.第二個(gè)階段通常持續(xù)2到3周,嚴(yán)重的咳嗽在晚上發(fā)作,然后在后半日以及后半夜發(fā)作.病發(fā)作的時(shí)候會(huì)導(dǎo)致吸入氧氣不夠,從而引起抽搐.在這個(gè)階段也許會(huì)發(fā)生死亡.在最后的階段,咳嗽減輕了并且開始恢復(fù).全面恢復(fù)也許需要兩到三個(gè)月.
這種疾病很少致命.然而,當(dāng)小于6個(gè)月的嬰兒感染了百日咳,就會(huì)非常嚴(yán)重并有生命危險(xiǎn).對(duì)于百日咳沒有專門的治療方法.抗生素和抑制咳嗽的藥物使用下來(lái)效果不大,一般也不推薦使用.自從1936年來(lái),一種預(yù)防百日咳的疫苗發(fā)明了(并在1940年代投入廣泛的使用).
結(jié)論:百日咳的發(fā)生率以及嚴(yán)重性在百日咳疫苗使用很久以前就已經(jīng)開始降低了.從1900年到1935年,美國(guó)和英格蘭百日咳的死亡率已經(jīng)分別自然下降了79以及82個(gè)百分點(diǎn)(圖14).
在<小兒科期刊>公布的一個(gè)研究指出百日咳疫苗也許只有40%到45%的有效率.進(jìn)一步的證據(jù)指出免疫性不能持久.在全面接種疫苗12年后,對(duì)于百日咳的易感性也許高達(dá)95%.例如,在1984年,向CDC報(bào)告的百日咳病例有2,187例.560個(gè)年齡從七個(gè)月到六歲不等的病人接種過(guò)疫苗,也就是說(shuō)近一半的病人(46%)接受過(guò)疫苗保護(hù).1986年,在堪薩斯州報(bào)告了1300例百日咳.在已經(jīng)接種了疫苗的病人中,90%是”充分”接種過(guò)的.并且在1993年,在Ohio爆發(fā)百日咳期間,82%的幼兒被這種疾病折磨,然而他們都接受了常規(guī)劑量的疫苗(圖15).
白喉,破傷風(fēng)以及百日咳疫苗通常組合成一種單一的配方來(lái)使用(DTP或者DTaP).這樣的三種成分組成的注射劑(包括”新制配方”以及最近更新的版本)使用甲醛來(lái)”穩(wěn)定”—一種已知的致癌物質(zhì).每一劑量還包含一種消毒液原料—一種水銀的衍生物—以及鋁鉀硫酸鹽.水銀和鋁對(duì)人體是有毒的.
美國(guó)從來(lái)都沒有進(jìn)行臨床試驗(yàn)來(lái)決定百日咳疫苗是否安全有效.相反的,國(guó)家依賴于大不列顛在1950年代采集的六個(gè)月到一歲半年齡的小孩的數(shù)據(jù).即使有42個(gè)小孩在28天內(nèi)發(fā)生了抽搐(80%的嬰兒14個(gè)月大或者更大一點(diǎn)),這樣的測(cè)試還是被設(shè)計(jì)用來(lái)測(cè)量疫苗的有效性(不是安全性),美國(guó)健康機(jī)構(gòu)使用了這些結(jié)論來(lái)作為給六個(gè)星期大的嬰兒的疫苗是安全的證據(jù).實(shí)際上,一個(gè)體重小于10磅的兩月大的孩子接受了入學(xué)年齡體重為50磅的孩子的百日咳疫苗的劑量.
百日咳疫苗在動(dòng)物試驗(yàn)中使用,以用來(lái)幫助產(chǎn)生過(guò)敏性休克,并且引起了一種急劇的自體免疫性腦脊髓炎(過(guò)敏性腦炎).接種后的腦炎也許是今天國(guó)家進(jìn)行性的學(xué)習(xí)能力喪失病例的最主要的原因.科學(xué)家還改良了一種間接的測(cè)試來(lái)確定百日咳疫苗的有效性和安全性.如果它導(dǎo)致了老鼠的免疫性,它也被認(rèn)為對(duì)小孩有效.如果老鼠體重沒有減輕,它就被認(rèn)為是無(wú)毒的.
百日咳疫苗也許會(huì)引起高達(dá)106華氏度的高燒,疼痛,腫脹,腹瀉,噴射式嘔吐,整天昏昏欲睡,高聲調(diào)的尖叫(和稱為喊叫腦炎或者與中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)損傷的腦炎尖叫相象),難以自拔的不斷叫喊,驚厥,抽搐,虛脫,休克,呼吸困難,腦部損傷以及嬰兒卒死綜合癥(SIDS).在一個(gè)報(bào)告中表明,嚴(yán)重的反應(yīng)(包括癲癇大發(fā)作以及腦病)高達(dá)600例中有1例.在另一個(gè)研究中,15,752次為小孩的接種注射報(bào)導(dǎo)只有18次嚴(yán)重反應(yīng)(休克性虛脫或者抽搐)發(fā)生(875次中有次例).然而,該研究中每個(gè)孩子接受了三到五針注射.因此,在接受了全系列DPT的孩子中,大約每200個(gè)有一個(gè)遭受了嚴(yán)重的反應(yīng).
1994年,<美國(guó)醫(yī)學(xué)協(xié)會(huì)期刊>公布的數(shù)據(jù)顯示接種過(guò)百日咳疫苗的孩子檢查出哮喘的比率超出沒有接種過(guò)的孩子的五倍.2000年,一個(gè)新的研究證實(shí)了早期的一些結(jié)論,接種了DPT或者破傷風(fēng)疫苗的孩子比起沒有接種過(guò)的小孩,明顯更容易有”哮喘史”或者其他”敏感癥相關(guān)的呼吸系統(tǒng)癥狀”.
嬰兒卒死綜合癥(SIDS):嬰兒在接種疫苗后三天的死亡率超過(guò)正常小孩七倍.三種主要的百日咳注射劑分別是在嬰兒兩個(gè)月,四個(gè)月以及六個(gè)月的時(shí)候給小孩注射的.大約85%的SIDS病例發(fā)生在1到6個(gè)月的這個(gè)時(shí)期,兩到四個(gè)月是尖峰發(fā)生率.
在最近的一個(gè)SIDS的科學(xué)研究中,呼吸暫停的情況 (呼吸暫停)以及呼吸不足(不正常的淺呼吸)在百日咳疫苗接種之前以及之后都能檢查到.使用了Cotwatch(一種放在嬰兒床墊底下用來(lái)測(cè)量精確的呼吸模式的一種高級(jí)微處理器)以及由它產(chǎn)生的計(jì)算機(jī)打印輸出用來(lái)分析.數(shù)據(jù)清楚顯示疫苗接種引起了這種情況顯著的增長(zhǎng):呼吸或者幾乎停止或者完全停止(圖16).這些情況在疫苗接種之后幾個(gè)月一直持續(xù). 該研究的人員Viera Scheibner博士總結(jié)出這一結(jié)論:”疫苗接種是嬰兒死亡的個(gè)別原因中最普遍的以及最容易預(yù)防的.”
在另一個(gè)死于SIDS的103個(gè)小孩的研究中, William Torch博士發(fā)現(xiàn)超過(guò)2/3的小孩在死亡之前已經(jīng)接種了百日咳疫苗.在這些死亡的病例中,有6.5%死于接種后12小時(shí);13%死于接種后24小時(shí);26%死于三天內(nèi);一周,兩周以及三周內(nèi)的死亡率分別是37%,61%以及70%(圖17).他還發(fā)現(xiàn)SIDS的發(fā)生頻率在2到4個(gè)月的嬰兒中有一個(gè)雙峰現(xiàn)象—這是初次劑量的百日咳疫苗使用在嬰兒身上的那個(gè)年齡.
以下摘錄來(lái)自于一個(gè)極其煩惱的祖母在陪審團(tuán)前關(guān)于疫苗傷害補(bǔ)償?shù)淖髯C陳述的聲明:
“我的名字叫Donna Gary.我們家里上個(gè)月應(yīng)該已經(jīng)為我們第一個(gè)孫女慶祝了她的第一個(gè)生日.然而,我們就要在這個(gè)月底給她做周年祭.
“我們的孫女Lee Ann在她的母親帶她去醫(yī)生那里做常規(guī)檢查的時(shí)候只有八個(gè)星期大.那次當(dāng)然也包括為她做第一次DPT疫苗接種以及口服脊髓灰質(zhì)炎疫苗.
“在她接受疫苗注射的時(shí)候,這個(gè)可愛而機(jī)敏的寶寶在她生命的整個(gè)八個(gè)星期,從來(lái)沒有發(fā)出過(guò)那么撕心裂肺的尖叫.她媽媽以前也從來(lái)沒有看過(guò)在她尖叫的時(shí)候她的背拱得那么厲害.她怎么哄也哄不了.即使是她的爸爸也不能感受到Lee Ann那異常的尖叫和哭喊代表的意義.
“在Lee Ann死后四小時(shí).醫(yī)生說(shuō)這是’SIDS’(嬰兒卒死綜合癥).’這與注射相關(guān)嗎?’她的父母懇求.’不.’ ‘但是她今天下午才剛剛注射過(guò)DPT啊.這沒有任何聯(lián)系嗎?’’不,根本沒有任何聯(lián)系,’急救室的醫(yī)生肯定地說(shuō).
“我的丈夫和我在Lee Ann死后的第二個(gè)早晨趕緊趕到醫(yī)院和尸檢的病理學(xué)醫(yī)生談話.我們想確定他是否在Lee Ann死前的一段短時(shí)間內(nèi)被警告過(guò)她注射了DPT—以防他能找到其他聯(lián)系起來(lái)的證據(jù).我們找不到他談話.我們等待了兩個(gè)半小時(shí).最后,我們?cè)谑瑱z完成之后和另一個(gè)醫(yī)生談了話.他說(shuō)這是’SIDS.’
“在Lee Ann出生前的幾個(gè)月,她和我一個(gè)朋友的孫子的狀況差不多.他比Lee Ann大了將近一歲半.在接受第一次DPT注射的時(shí)候他就在兒科醫(yī)生的辦公室里昏過(guò)去15分鐘.’一些孩子的正常反應(yīng),’兒科醫(yī)生保證說(shuō).父母很害怕,但是他們知道他們的醫(yī)生很不錯(cuò).他們相信他的判斷.
“當(dāng)?shù)搅说诙�次接種的時(shí)候,他們問(wèn)道,’你確定沒有關(guān)系嗎?疫苗針的需要嗎?’
“他們的兒科醫(yī)生再次跟他們做了保證.他告訴他們這樣的事情多么可怕,他的一個(gè)嬰兒病人不斷地與百日咳較量.那個(gè)嬰兒已經(jīng)死了.
“他們那天讓孩子接種了第二針DPT.他的腦子損壞了.
“過(guò)去的一個(gè)星期我有一個(gè)機(jī)會(huì)通讀委員會(huì)的預(yù)審的打印副本.我很沮喪地發(fā)現(xiàn)同樣的事件已經(jīng)有了好多年,并且在以下方面沒有任何實(shí)質(zhì)性地進(jìn)展,保護(hù)嬰兒不再受到損傷是明顯而必要地,并且在經(jīng)濟(jì)上補(bǔ)充那些已經(jīng)在生活上受到損害的人.
“在我們的父母以前被告知,并且現(xiàn)在仍舊被告知,’跟注射沒有任何聯(lián)系,根本沒有聯(lián)系’的時(shí)候,我們?cè)谝呙缦喾吹姆磻?yīng)方面的統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)有多精確呢?
“最近我與之談?wù)撨^(guò)的一位有一個(gè)四歲大的腦損傷的孩子的母親,她是怎么想的呢?在所有的三次DPT注射的時(shí)候,她兒子都當(dāng)著兒科醫(yī)生的面發(fā)生了抽搐.’沒有聯(lián)系,’兒科醫(yī)生保證道.
“我與一位父親也談?wù)撨^(guò),他住在我們相鄰的一個(gè)鎮(zhèn)上,他的兒子在九個(gè)星期大的時(shí)候死了,就在我們自己的孫女死前幾個(gè)月.這發(fā)生在他注射過(guò)DPT之后.’SIDS’是死亡證明書上的陳述.
“是不是這樣的統(tǒng)計(jì)--醫(yī)療界愛引用說(shuō),’沒有聯(lián)系’—真的準(zhǔn)確?還是他們是基于不可靠的診斷以及貧乏的記錄數(shù)據(jù)之上?
“為了提供更為安全的疫苗他們做了什么?誰(shuí)在監(jiān)督?科學(xué)家以及醫(yī)生是不是過(guò)去監(jiān)督的同一群人?醫(yī)生以及門診部為了讓父母知道可能的反應(yīng)是怎樣盡責(zé)的?以及對(duì)于那些在受到損害或者死亡之前的孩子,應(yīng)該怎樣確診他們不應(yīng)該接種?
“今天是國(guó)家祈禱日.我的祈禱是委員會(huì)能有助于做該做的事情—最好能盡快.但愿再?zèng)]有由于那些這樣干的人拒絕’作出正確的聯(lián)系’,而使得孩子受到折磨甚至有些死亡的又一個(gè)年頭.

非細(xì)胞百日咳(DTaP)

1981年,日本開始給他們的孩子接種一種新的”非細(xì)胞”百日咳疫苗.他們宣稱它比美國(guó)使用的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的”全細(xì)胞”疫苗毒更少并且更為有效.該國(guó)的許多權(quán)威人士也同意這一說(shuō)法,但是他們宣稱生產(chǎn)疫苗的額外費(fèi)用以及后勤有關(guān)的事情,使得做這種改變不恰當(dāng).
結(jié)論:日本在使用了非細(xì)胞疫苗之后報(bào)告了嚴(yán)重反應(yīng)事件的顯著下降.然而,在新的百日咳疫苗在日本使用前幾年的1975年,權(quán)威機(jī)構(gòu)將接種的年齡提到了兩歲.在美國(guó),百日咳疫苗注射在小孩兩個(gè)月大就開始了,并且在嬰兒的早期以及高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的月份里一直使用.因此難以得出非細(xì)胞疫苗是否真的安全的結(jié)論.
在1987年,66名日本百日咳疫苗的受害者從政府獲得了巨大的賠償.法庭認(rèn)出權(quán)威機(jī)構(gòu)正在否認(rèn)這樣的反應(yīng),而且受到損害的起訴人受到了欺騙,因此”公眾在預(yù)防接觸傳染病方面的利益”不應(yīng)當(dāng)受到破壞.
1988年,美國(guó)在瑞典兒童身上試驗(yàn)了非細(xì)胞百日咳疫苗.兩劑量的有效性是69%.幾個(gè)兒童在這個(gè)研究中死亡.具有諷刺意味的是,美國(guó)健康官員(那些對(duì)尋求不完善的全細(xì)胞疫苗替代品很不起勁的人)這樣開警察的玩笑,即使這些死亡在接種疫苗之后五個(gè)月才發(fā)生(原因包括海洛因上癮),他們也要求對(duì)死亡做更多的調(diào)查.瑞典的官員卻斷定死亡跟疫苗接種沒有任何關(guān)聯(lián).然而在美國(guó)全細(xì)胞接種后數(shù)小時(shí)或者數(shù)天內(nèi)發(fā)生的死亡事件卻很快駁回不管,很少調(diào)查.
在1989年,<小兒科>公布的一個(gè)研究結(jié)論表明,非細(xì)胞疫苗比起標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的DPT疫苗更少引起溫和反應(yīng).然而,包括腦炎在內(nèi)的嚴(yán)重反應(yīng)比起標(biāo)準(zhǔn)注射具有更高的比率.腦炎達(dá)到了每106名注射的兒童中有一個(gè)的比率.
1992年,<美國(guó)兒科研究院(AAP)>推薦只用非細(xì)胞(DTaP)疫苗來(lái)代替標(biāo)準(zhǔn)全細(xì)胞百日咳疫苗(DPT)的第四以及第五劑.1996年,美國(guó)權(quán)威機(jī)構(gòu)全部五劑都用DTaP代替DPT—而不管一些研究員的爭(zhēng)論,” 已經(jīng)報(bào)告的接種DPT之后的多數(shù)溫和以及嚴(yán)重的反應(yīng)也已經(jīng)在接種了DTaP之后被報(bào)告…”
下面有害反應(yīng)是<三思全球疫苗研究所>接收到的,由別人主動(dòng)提供的典型情況.(更多的信息請(qǐng)?jiān)L問(wèn)www。thinktwice。com)
“我的兒子一歲大.在他九個(gè)月的時(shí)候,他接種了DTaP注射劑.第二天他臉上有一種奇怪的痙攣動(dòng)作,這種動(dòng)作我以前從來(lái)沒看到過(guò).顯得象較小的驚厥.當(dāng)發(fā)生這些的時(shí)候,他的身體開始繃緊.我正在擔(dān)心他第二次接種DTaP.”
“我最小的女兒對(duì)DPT有一個(gè)’溫和’反應(yīng).她發(fā)燒了3到4天,并且她脾氣好幾個(gè)星期都很暴躁.我的醫(yī)生建議我下次使用1/2的劑量;她根本沒有任何反應(yīng).然后我們離開了,她的新兒科醫(yī)生說(shuō)1/2劑量不是有效的接種劑量,他建議用DTaP.在接種后的數(shù)小時(shí)內(nèi),她開始發(fā)高燒,腹瀉黑便,并且嘔吐.我立即叫了醫(yī)生,他跟我們吵了起來(lái)(?).我把我女兒帶回到說(shuō)讓我不要把她的頭發(fā)扎成馬尾辮的那位醫(yī)生那里,那樣會(huì)把她的頭發(fā)拉得太緊.好了,那已經(jīng)是兩年前的事情了,并且她的頭發(fā)最終長(zhǎng)得足夠編一個(gè)小馬尾辮了.我不會(huì)再給她接種疫苗了.”
“他們告訴我沒有已知的副作用之后三個(gè)月,他們給我的女兒接種了DTaP.我反對(duì)給孩子接種,但是他們告訴我如果我拒絕讓孩子接種疫苗的話,他們會(huì)叫兒童保護(hù)部門來(lái).作為小孩的父親,害怕失去女兒的念頭一天24小時(shí)都在腦子中出現(xiàn),并且我不想使它成為現(xiàn)實(shí).因此,我同意讓她接種.在到家后的數(shù)分鐘內(nèi),她開始尖叫,我以前從來(lái)沒聽到過(guò)她這樣叫.把我嚇壞了.她叫喊了大約16小時(shí),一直沒有停歇.醫(yī)生斷言她沒事,只不過(guò)是害了”疝氣痛”.16小時(shí)喊叫之后她變得昏昏欲睡.當(dāng)我叫她名字的時(shí)候她甚至不愿抬起頭來(lái)看我,以前她總是這么做的.她發(fā)展成了驚厥并且最后終于進(jìn)了急救室.我的女兒現(xiàn)在只接受DT注射,盡管兒科的護(hù)士對(duì)我生氣,我堅(jiān)持在給女兒任何注射之前先要看注射瓶的標(biāo)簽.
B型肝炎是一種濾過(guò)性病毒感染.癥狀也許跟流感相似,包括虛弱,失去胃口,腹瀉,右上腹痛以及黃疸(眼睛和皮膚發(fā)黃).在一些病例中,感染了這種疾病的個(gè)人也許是表現(xiàn)出很少甚至沒有表現(xiàn)這些癥狀的病毒的攜帶者.急性B型肝炎通常在一年內(nèi)發(fā)展.長(zhǎng)期或者慢性的感染也許發(fā)展到肝功能衰竭,昏迷甚至死亡.
1981年,食品和藥品管理局(FDA)認(rèn)可了一種來(lái)源于血漿的B型肝炎疫苗.它包含了從感染了疾病的個(gè)體身上萃取的B型肝炎抗原(疾病物質(zhì)).這種疫苗后來(lái)因?yàn)閬?lái)自于可能傳播無(wú)法預(yù)見的和潛在的危險(xiǎn)病毒的人類血液,從而從市場(chǎng)撤除了.(幾個(gè)研究調(diào)查了這種可能性:來(lái)源于血漿的B型肝炎疫苗的接種者接受了被HIV污染的疫苗,這是AIDS的前身.)1986年,幾個(gè)遺傳工程的疫苗(人工重組)中的第一個(gè)批準(zhǔn)在普通人群中使用.
結(jié)論:感染B型肝炎的高發(fā)人群是靜脈注射的使用者,妓女以及性活躍的同性戀者.嬰兒和兒童很少得這種疾病.實(shí)際上,在所有的病例中只有1%不到發(fā)生在小于15歲的小孩身上.在北美,歐洲以及澳大利亞,病毒的真正攜帶者只占了1%人口的1/10.
感染了B型肝炎的母親生的嬰兒獲得這種疾病的可能性很大.然而,如果母親沒有感染的話,孩子不太可能感染B型肝炎.懷孕的婦女如果擔(dān)心的話可以進(jìn)行篩查.
有研究宣稱B型肝炎疫苗提供了5年到10年的對(duì)該病的免疫性,但是這個(gè)結(jié)論與數(shù)據(jù)相矛盾.例如,在<新英格蘭醫(yī)學(xué)期刊>發(fā)布的一個(gè)研究中,五年后那些疫苗接種者的42%的人的抗體水平銳減或者不再存在.此外,773個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)對(duì)象中的34人(4.4%)感染了病毒.在另一個(gè)研究中,少于40%的疫苗接種者在五年后還具有保護(hù)性的抗體水平.一個(gè)類似的研究表明48%的疫苗接種者四年后就沒有足夠的抗體水平.實(shí)際上,根據(jù)世界衛(wèi)生組織的資料,多達(dá)”60%的成人在6到10年后失去了所有可以檢測(cè)到的B型肝炎疫苗的抗體.”醫(yī)學(xué)文獻(xiàn)包含了其他記載了疫苗失敗的病例研究.
1991年,疾控預(yù)防中心(CDC)推薦所有的嬰兒接種B型肝炎疫苗.今天,大部分國(guó)家強(qiáng)制接種這種疫苗.然而,醫(yī)學(xué)期刊的調(diào)查指出多達(dá)87%的兒科醫(yī)生以及家庭健康從業(yè)者不相信這種疫苗是他們新出生的病兒所需要的(圖18).然而,因?yàn)楦咄�人群很難接觸到,或者拒絕接種這種疫苗,又由于兒童可以”找到”,許多兒童在出生的時(shí)候就接受了完全系列的接種.由于效果漸弱或者部分免疫,大點(diǎn)的孩子還被強(qiáng)制接受促升劑量.
權(quán)威機(jī)構(gòu)經(jīng)常宣稱醫(yī)院雇員有可能感染并傳播B型肝炎.他們用這個(gè)作為強(qiáng)制注射的基本原理.然而,在一個(gè)624個(gè)健康工作者的研究中,感染B型肝炎的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)是跟接觸血液的頻率相關(guān),而不是與接觸病人的頻率相關(guān).研究者斷定許多醫(yī)務(wù)工作者通過(guò)持續(xù)接觸低水平的B型肝炎變成了對(duì)它自然免疫而不是被感染.
接種了來(lái)自血漿的以及人工重組的B型肝炎疫苗之后的有害反應(yīng)在科學(xué)文獻(xiàn)中已經(jīng)被指了出來(lái).這些包括糖尿病,多發(fā)性硬化, Guillain-Barre綜合癥, Bell癱瘓, Rolf癱瘓,眼睛以及臂從神經(jīng)病,視神經(jīng)炎,中央神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)脫髓鞘, lumbar reticulopathy, transverse myelitis,自體免疫反應(yīng), thrombocytopenic purpura,過(guò)敏性反應(yīng),關(guān)節(jié)炎,發(fā)燒,頭痛,疼痛,嘔吐,眩暈,帶狀包疹,以及抽搐.許多這樣的反應(yīng)就發(fā)生在接種了一劑疫苗之后.
這部分包含了被主動(dòng)提供的與B型肝炎疫苗相關(guān)的有害反應(yīng)報(bào)告.它們是<三思全球疫苗研究所>收到的典型的日常email.
“我們的女兒出生時(shí)是健康的,但是我們讓她接種了B型疫苗,于是在三天大的時(shí)候她開始抽搐.一個(gè)星期之后,在當(dāng)?shù)氐膬和�醫(yī)院一群最好的醫(yī)生以及護(hù)士將她團(tuán)團(tuán)圍繞,他們說(shuō)她得了腦溢血.”
“我是三個(gè)男孩的媽媽—六歲,四歲,還有一個(gè)將近七個(gè)月大.但是我家的問(wèn)題是我們失去了我們應(yīng)該已經(jīng)七個(gè)月大的寶寶.當(dāng)寶寶將近兩個(gè)月大的時(shí)候,我們失去了我們親愛的寶寶.他在只接種了一劑B型肝炎疫苗之后就去世了!”
“我的兒子接種了B型肝炎疫苗.在接下來(lái)的幾天里,他有了感冒以及類似流感的癥狀.然后很快節(jié)節(jié)升高成全身有發(fā)癢,紅色麻疹的高燒,他還有關(guān)節(jié)痛以及腫脹.他注射之后的10天都住院.他現(xiàn)在被診斷為青少年風(fēng)濕性關(guān)節(jié)炎并且現(xiàn)在吃幾種藥物治療.在注射之前,他是一個(gè)非常健康,活潑的運(yùn)動(dòng)型男孩.”
“在護(hù)士注射了我11歲大的女兒第二針B型肝炎疫苗之后,她站了起來(lái),幾乎跌進(jìn)了隔壁房間,并且直直地跌到了地板上.我過(guò)去將她扶起來(lái),不知道發(fā)生了什么.當(dāng)我將她扶起的時(shí)候,她幾乎沒命了,接著她的身體開始顫抖.非常嚇人.她已經(jīng)昏了過(guò)去,當(dāng)她摔到地上的時(shí)候,她的下巴開始流血并且她必須縫六針.醫(yī)生說(shuō)她只是昏了過(guò)去,但是我關(guān)心為什么她象那樣顫抖.我非常害怕她再注射第三針.”
“我的14歲大的女兒對(duì)于B型肝炎疫苗接種有中毒反應(yīng).在接種之前,我的女兒經(jīng)常在國(guó)家少年奧林匹克比賽,并且總是拿A的學(xué)生.這一切改變了.她目前正被慢性疲勞,頭昏眼花,記憶力衰退以及關(guān)節(jié)痛折磨.我們已經(jīng)讓她進(jìn)行了一系列的醫(yī)學(xué)檢查.她有自身免疫性疾病的證據(jù).給我們的建議是讓她服用免抑制疫力的藥物或者靜脈用丙種球蛋白.這就是她的生活.我非常擔(dān)憂.這使我都心碎了.我含著眼淚寫了這些文字.請(qǐng)幫幫我.”
“自從我接種了B型肝炎疫苗,除了其他癥狀外,我還變得虛弱,腿變得沉重.我已經(jīng)瞧過(guò)了幾位醫(yī)生,經(jīng)過(guò)了許多測(cè)試來(lái)確診我犯了什么毛病.我變成了類多硬化癥患者.”
“因?yàn)槲业墓ぷ髯屛姨幵凇�高’危情況下,我被強(qiáng)迫接種B型肝炎疫苗.起初我經(jīng)歷了奇怪的癥狀,然后我就成了多硬化癥.”


水痘
水痘是一種病毒引起的接觸傳染性疾病.這種病毒的專業(yè)名稱是帶狀疹子水痘,它是皰疹病毒家族中的一員.許多專家認(rèn)為水痘是一種相對(duì)無(wú)害的兒童疾病.癥狀包括發(fā)燒,流鼻涕,嗓子疼,以及在身體任何部位都可能出現(xiàn)的發(fā)癢皮疹.皮疹和病通常在一到兩周后消失.該病提供了永久的免疫性;小孩不會(huì)再感染這種疾病.
水痘疫苗自從1970年代以來(lái)就應(yīng)用了,但是因?yàn)檫@種病不怎么危險(xiǎn)并且提供了終生免疫,因此權(quán)威機(jī)構(gòu)不愿批準(zhǔn)以及改良這種疫苗.但是在1995年,水痘疫苗還是在美國(guó)批準(zhǔn)使用了,并且在幾個(gè)州都加到了”強(qiáng)制性”注射的清單里面.
結(jié)論:得了水痘會(huì)好幾天很癢并且很不舒服.嚴(yán)重的問(wèn)題很少發(fā)生.實(shí)際上,在水痘使用之前,醫(yī)生過(guò)去建議讓孩子接觸這種病毒,父母還為孩子們組織”水痘聚會(huì)”,因?yàn)檫@種病被青少年以及成人感染的時(shí)候,并發(fā)癥比率增加了很多.每年那些感染了這種病的成千上萬(wàn)的人有大約50個(gè)死于相關(guān)并發(fā)癥.這些人中間的許多是那些兒童時(shí)期沒有得過(guò)水痘的人,或者那些在兒童時(shí)期就不太健康,免疫系統(tǒng)本來(lái)就很弱的人(容易感染AIDS,白血病,或者癌癥).
在批準(zhǔn)水痘疫苗之前,一個(gè)重要的研究斷定,全國(guó)性的水痘接種運(yùn)動(dòng)將會(huì)把水痘病例的年齡分布從得這種病沒有什么問(wèn)題的兒童時(shí)期轉(zhuǎn)移到青少年和成人時(shí)期,這些時(shí)期的人會(huì)有更高的并發(fā)癥幾率.然而,這并沒有能夠組織權(quán)威機(jī)構(gòu)批準(zhǔn)并強(qiáng)制使用這種疫苗,因?yàn)椤泵绹?guó)能夠節(jié)省因?yàn)樗�痘而花去的大好時(shí)光”,因?yàn)樽⑸淞诉@種疫苗之后,就可以避免父母親因?yàn)榇粼诩依镎疹櫳�病的孩子而發(fā)生的費(fèi)用.
水痘疫苗的有效率還沒有得到可靠的建立.疫苗對(duì)于小于12個(gè)月的嬰兒無(wú)效,并且在所有的批準(zhǔn)之前的試驗(yàn)中,一些注射了疫苗的孩子還是感染了水痘.由于許多記載(以及沒有記載)的與這種注射有關(guān)的病, ”疫苗失敗”和/或皮疹的進(jìn)展實(shí)際上和水痘無(wú)法區(qū)別.根據(jù)FDA的報(bào)告,大約1/10的接種兒童在接觸水痘之后得了”突破性疾病”.因?yàn)橐恍┤藳]有報(bào)告他們的反應(yīng),并且由于注射接種后導(dǎo)致感染帶狀皰疹或者某種其他疾病的接種兒童不算做無(wú)效或者疫苗失敗的例子, 所以實(shí)際數(shù)據(jù)更為糟糕.
當(dāng)水痘疫苗首次批準(zhǔn)之后,水痘疫苗制造商的產(chǎn)品說(shuō)明里面包含了這樣的警告:接種的個(gè)體”也許”會(huì)傳播疫苗病毒給密切接觸者,并且疫苗的接種者”應(yīng)避免與可疑的高危個(gè)體的密切接觸”,諸如新生兒,懷孕的婦女,以及免疫力較差的個(gè)體.<小兒科>上公布的最近的一個(gè)研究證實(shí)了接種的兒童會(huì)傳播這種疾病.最近公布的聯(lián)合數(shù)據(jù)包括了許多”無(wú)意接觸”的病例.結(jié)果,CDC以及FDA不得不承認(rèn)”病毒的再次傳播會(huì)發(fā)生.”今天,水痘的產(chǎn)品標(biāo)簽列出了疫苗病毒的”二次傳播”這一所知的不利事項(xiàng).換句話說(shuō),接種了水痘注射劑的兒童是病毒的移動(dòng)載體,并且能夠?qū)⑦@種高接觸性傳染疾病傳播給那些被接觸的可疑人群.
FDA和CDC最近研究了6,574例水痘疫苗有害反應(yīng)的報(bào)告,并將他們的發(fā)現(xiàn)公布在<美國(guó)醫(yī)學(xué)聯(lián)合會(huì)期刊>上.這里是他們的發(fā)現(xiàn)的一個(gè)總結(jié):水痘疫苗接種者的有害反應(yīng)以每售出100,000劑有67.5%的報(bào)告比率發(fā)生.大約4%的報(bào)告描述了”嚴(yán)重的”有害反應(yīng).根據(jù)FDA的定義,”嚴(yán)重”反應(yīng)指死亡,威脅到生命的事件,住院治療,永久性或者重大的殘疾,以及其他重大的醫(yī)療事故.例如,這些重新檢查了的數(shù)據(jù)包括大量的神經(jīng)紊亂病例,免疫系統(tǒng)損傷病例,血液紊亂病例,腦炎,驚厥以及死亡.
如果我們暫且接受FDA的分析,水痘疫苗的嚴(yán)重反應(yīng)達(dá)到了4%的比率.這包括了所有年齡群的患者.然而,到4歲為止的兒童有6.3%的嚴(yán)重反應(yīng)率;到兩歲為止的兒童有9.2%的反應(yīng)率;并且那些錯(cuò)誤接種的在出生到一歲大年齡之間的兒童在嚴(yán)重反應(yīng)比率方面達(dá)到了驚人的14%.
FDA以及CDC的發(fā)現(xiàn)包括了病例史.例如,一個(gè)健康的18個(gè)月大的男孩在接種水痘疫苗(以及其他疫苗)之前”沒有敏感癥或者任何接種后會(huì)表現(xiàn)出來(lái)的有害現(xiàn)象”,但在接種之后卻因?yàn)檠�小板�?jì)數(shù)低而住進(jìn)了加護(hù)病房四天.”他開始嘴里流血…并且兩天后死于腦出血”
另一個(gè)”從來(lái)不犯抽搐癥的”小孩在接種了水痘疫苗之后三天開始抽搐.在一個(gè)月后當(dāng)他接種了第二劑疫苗之后,他發(fā)生了兩次強(qiáng)直陣孿.研究人員斷定,”這個(gè)病人對(duì)于驚厥行為刺激的反應(yīng)度的激發(fā)增強(qiáng)了對(duì)這一事件的懷疑:在對(duì)接種后的抽搐觀測(cè)中,水痘疫苗也許不止是一個(gè)巧合的因素.”
FDA和CDC的發(fā)現(xiàn)還包括很多接種者得了帶狀皰疹的報(bào)告(一種可以持續(xù)數(shù)周的疼痛皮膚出疹).這種痛苦在接種了注射劑之后的年月里會(huì)一再發(fā)生.一旦水痘病毒注射到身體里面,它們能夠潛伏起來(lái)并且在免疫力下降的時(shí)候再活動(dòng).據(jù)FDA生物制劑和研究中心的Dennis Klinman博士以及一位在<自然醫(yī)藥>上面發(fā)表了對(duì)2000人進(jìn)行了研究的作者說(shuō),潛在感染的重新活躍會(huì)在接種了活性弱水痘疫苗之后發(fā)生.”由于免疫力下降,潛在的病毒蘇醒了.”包括一個(gè)發(fā)表在<新英格蘭醫(yī)學(xué)期刊>的那些早期的研究已經(jīng)顯示了水痘疫苗和帶狀皰疹之間的聯(lián)系.
其他疫苗相關(guān)的帶狀皰疹的確證事實(shí)可以在以下個(gè)人的故事里面找到,這些故事來(lái)自于<三思全球疫苗研究所>收到的日常的由他人主動(dòng)提供的典型的電子郵件.
“我做了這個(gè)愚蠢的決定:讓我的女兒注射了水痘疫苗.在幾天之內(nèi),她爆發(fā)了疹子.一年后的現(xiàn)在,她又發(fā)了一次,但是由于她已經(jīng)被認(rèn)為由于免疫注射而獲得了免疫能力,因此我不能讓醫(yī)生相信這個(gè)事情.”
“我的雙胞胎孩子接種了水痘疫苗產(chǎn)生免疫能力.自從他們接受了注射以后,他們已經(jīng)一再發(fā)作象水痘一樣的皮疹.這在接種之后的三天內(nèi)首次出現(xiàn).對(duì)于腫塊毫無(wú)辦法.腫塊集中在一個(gè)區(qū)域,這是典型的帶狀皰疹.我們的醫(yī)生否認(rèn)這個(gè)事情,因此基本上我們不得不自己應(yīng)付這件事情.我但愿我從來(lái)從來(lái)沒有給他們注射過(guò)水痘疫苗.我的其他孩子自然得的水痘,它一點(diǎn)都沒有傷害到他們中的任何一個(gè).請(qǐng)將這封信轉(zhuǎn)告那些為了作出更好的決定而考慮這種疫苗的人.”


侵襲性B型嗜血桿菌
(HIB)
HIB(與流感沒有關(guān)系)是一種能夠引起腦膜炎,肺炎,喉嚨腫脹以及其他疾病并發(fā)癥的嚴(yán)重的細(xì)菌感染.HIB通過(guò)噴嚏,咳嗽以及被感染人員的分泌物傳播.治療主要是靜脈給用抗生素.氧氣治療以及其他醫(yī)療方式也許也需要.
1985年,第一種HIB疫苗在美國(guó)批準(zhǔn)使用了.這種疫苗對(duì)于小于兩歲的兒童無(wú)效,因此它被很快推薦給所有兩歲或者大于兩歲的兒童使用—盡管所有HIB的75%已經(jīng)在兩歲前就已經(jīng)發(fā)生了.從1987年到1990年,幾種新”配對(duì)的”HIB疫苗批準(zhǔn)使用了.到1991年,HIB疫苗被推薦在小到兩個(gè)月的嬰兒身上使用.
結(jié)論:在1970年代以及1980年代期間,據(jù)估計(jì)在美國(guó)每年有16,000到20,000例HIB感染.腦膜炎在半數(shù)的病例中發(fā)生.大約25%的HIB感染引起了聽力喪失,神經(jīng)問(wèn)題,或者肺炎.喉嚨發(fā)炎占了將近15%的病例.死亡率大約是4%.
HIB感染在1940年代以及1950年代期間的發(fā)生率要低得多.實(shí)際上,HIB的發(fā)生率在1946年到1986年間跳高了400%--正是一個(gè)與DPT疫苗的大量使用相應(yīng)的時(shí)期.幾個(gè)因素使得這種具有高反應(yīng)性的組合注射變得復(fù)雜.發(fā)生率在1990年代開始下降,1994年在美國(guó)只有329例低于五歲的兒童病例,1995年是259例,以及1996年和1997年一共144例.
所有HIB病例的60%發(fā)生在小于12個(gè)月的兒童身上;90%發(fā)生在小于5歲的兒童身上.本地美洲印第安人,愛斯基摩兒童,非洲裔美國(guó)人以及其他社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)條件比較低的家庭的兒童都正在日益增長(zhǎng)的感染HIB的危險(xiǎn)之中.在美國(guó),非洲裔美國(guó)兒童比起白人兒童來(lái)有高出四倍的可能性感染HIB.
兒童在接種HIB疫苗之后,處于感染HIB疾病的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)之中.醫(yī)生已經(jīng)警告了CDC接種之后也許會(huì)有病情發(fā)生,”在疫苗的保護(hù)性效果發(fā)生之前發(fā)生.”一些研究提出了在接種疫苗之后的第一個(gè)七天對(duì)于該病”增長(zhǎng)的易感性”警告.美國(guó)兒科研究院已經(jīng)警告醫(yī)生在接種疫苗之后觀察疾病的跡象.實(shí)際上,幾個(gè)研究發(fā)現(xiàn), 在接種后的第一周HIB接種兒童比起沒有接種的兒童有高出六倍的可能性得HIB.在對(duì)注射之后至少三周感染了HIB的兒童的一個(gè)研究中,多于70%的人變成了腦膜炎.其他研究已經(jīng)證實(shí)抗體水平在接種HIB疫苗之后立即下降而不是上升—甚至采用較新的配對(duì)HIB疫苗也是如此—讓兒童處在了侵入性疾病的更高的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)之中.
這是一封來(lái)自一位極度苦惱的母親的信,她的事例證實(shí)了接種疫苗之后得該病的增長(zhǎng)了可能性.
“我的女兒出生的時(shí)候是一個(gè)健康的女嬰并且發(fā)育得很好.然后我從郵件中收到了疫苗接種的通知.我約見了醫(yī)生并給她注射了疫苗,一周之后我的女兒死了.尸檢報(bào)告說(shuō):”HIB.”她一點(diǎn)都沒有病,但是現(xiàn)在我的寶寶死了.他們一直說(shuō)這不可能發(fā)生,但是他們還需要更多的證據(jù)嗎?我死去的寶寶就是死于認(rèn)為她應(yīng)當(dāng)被免疫的疾病.”
HIB疫苗通常同時(shí)和其他疫苗一起給用.一些醫(yī)藥公司將HIB疫苗和DTaP疫苗混合使用.因此,當(dāng)一個(gè)孩子對(duì)于注射有有害反應(yīng)的時(shí)候,經(jīng)常難以確定疫苗的哪一部分出了問(wèn)題(或者都有問(wèn)題).然而,醫(yī)學(xué)文獻(xiàn)中記載了很多HIB疫苗和其他嚴(yán)重疾病之間確認(rèn)的可能的聯(lián)系,包括: Gguillain-Barre綜合癥,橫向脊髓炎(脊髓的癱瘓),無(wú)菌腦炎,***,血小板減少癥,多種形式的紅斑,發(fā)燒,皮疹,麻疹,嘔吐,腹瀉,驚厥,抽搐以及嬰兒卒死綜合癥.
HIB疫苗也許還可以和新的流行性糖尿病聯(lián)系起來(lái).在HIB疫苗接種的大規(guī)模的免疫運(yùn)動(dòng)之后,美國(guó),英格蘭以及其他歐洲國(guó)家記載了依賴于胰島素蜜劑的糖尿病的劇烈增長(zhǎng).在一個(gè)發(fā)表在<英國(guó)醫(yī)學(xué)期刊>的里程碑式的研究中,超過(guò)200,000芬蘭兒童分成了三組.第一組沒有接種HIB疫苗.第二組接種了一劑HIB疫苗(24個(gè)月大的時(shí)候).第三組接種了四劑HIB疫苗(分別在3,4,6以及18個(gè)月大的時(shí)候).在7歲和10歲的時(shí)候,三組實(shí)驗(yàn)的1型糖尿病的總數(shù)記錄了下來(lái).
結(jié)果:七歲的時(shí)候,比起沒有接種的組,接種了四劑的組每100,000個(gè)兒童中多出了54例—增長(zhǎng)了26%!十歲的時(shí)候多出了58例(圖20).基于大約4百萬(wàn)兒童的年出生率,每年單在美國(guó)這就意味著有2,300例多出來(lái)的(本可以避免的)糖尿病.(每個(gè)依賴于胰島素的病例估計(jì)要花超過(guò)1百萬(wàn)美圓醫(yī)療費(fèi)用,并且這些人失去了工作能力.)相比而言,HIB只不過(guò)是用來(lái)預(yù)防一個(gè)小得多的嚴(yán)重殘疾的病例.這些數(shù)字描述了重大的差異,并且根據(jù)一些分析這些數(shù)據(jù)的專家說(shuō),HIB疫苗和1型糖尿病之間的因果關(guān)系得到了支持.而且,”接種人群的糖尿病的增長(zhǎng)了的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)超過(guò)了HIB腦炎并發(fā)癥的預(yù)期降低的風(fēng)險(xiǎn).” 因此,依據(jù)他們的判斷,這些專家對(duì)公眾發(fā)出了警告,”疫苗潛在的危險(xiǎn)超過(guò)了潛在的好處.”
相關(guān)父母的私人故事證實(shí)了該疫苗的害處也許比它的好處更大:
“我的兒子注射了第一次HIB疫苗六個(gè)月之后,就被診斷出得了糖尿病.他的兩個(gè)朋友也是如此.這些家庭中沒有任何糖尿病史.”
“我們的10歲大的女兒診斷出糖尿病[在她接種了HIB疫苗的幾個(gè)月后].”
“我的女兒接種了HIB疫苗之后幾個(gè)月,就得了1型糖尿病.”


肺炎球菌病
鏈球菌肺炎，或者肺炎球菌病是一種能夠引起腦膜炎，肺炎，耳朵感染，竇炎以及菌血癥（血液感染)的嚴(yán)重細(xì)菌疾病.肺炎病菌由大約90種不同種類組成,包括1型血清組,2,3,4,5,6B,7F,8,9N,9V,10A,11A,12F,18C,19A,26,51,54,68等等.
包含了23種肺炎細(xì)菌的疫苗多年以來(lái)就發(fā)明了.權(quán)威機(jī)構(gòu)推薦年齡較大的以及超過(guò)兩周歲的”高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)”的兒童使用—盡管研究顯示這種疫苗在預(yù)防肺炎感染方面無(wú)效.
2000年,FDA批準(zhǔn)了一種23月大和更小的孩子使用的新的疫苗(叫Prevnar或者PCV7).它包含了90種不同的評(píng)估了的肺炎病菌中的七種,并且從兩個(gè)月大就開始給小孩種植,一種種植4劑(圖21).
結(jié)論:多數(shù)健康兒童不會(huì)受到這種疾病的威脅.實(shí)際上,根據(jù)<美國(guó)兒科學(xué)會(huì)>公布的<傳染病委員會(huì)紅皮書報(bào)告>,”[兒童肺炎感染]在易于引發(fā)的條件下更容易存在,包括免疫球蛋白缺陷, Hodgkin病,天生的或者獲得的免疫缺陷(包括HIV),腎臟綜合癥,一些上呼吸道感染,脾臟功能紊亂,脾切除以及器官移植.
肺炎7價(jià)的配對(duì)疫苗(Prevnar)的效果基于一個(gè)研究來(lái)評(píng)估,在這個(gè)研究中注射了新的疫苗的嬰兒和注射了其他疫苗的嬰兒互相比較.一個(gè)真正可控的接種了肺炎疫苗和沒有接種疫苗的嬰兒的情況的比較從來(lái)都沒有過(guò).
實(shí)際上,誰(shuí)也說(shuō)不清肺炎疫苗注射劑能夠起到什么作用,因?yàn)樗�的效果只是由它能夠預(yù)防疫苗中的七種細(xì)菌引起的細(xì)菌疾病決定.這種疫苗不會(huì)預(yù)防七種之外的其他種類的鏈球菌引起的肺炎病.這種疫苗也不會(huì)預(yù)防由B型hemophilus influenzae或者meninggococcus引起的細(xì)菌感染.
這種配對(duì)肺炎疫苗是相當(dāng)新的.直到它在數(shù)百萬(wàn)的兒童身上”測(cè)試”之后,沒有人確定地知道它多有效.根據(jù)<美國(guó)小兒科學(xué)會(huì)>(AAP)的說(shuō)法,”可獲得的數(shù)據(jù)間接表明PCV7(Prevnar)也許證明是那些當(dāng)前正在使用的疫苗中的最有有害作用的疫苗…”
疫苗制造商生產(chǎn)的包單列出了幾種接種疫苗試驗(yàn)之后發(fā)生的有害反應(yīng).盡管制造商不承認(rèn)這種疫苗和許多反應(yīng)之間的因果關(guān)系,考慮這種疫苗的父母也許想斟酌其中暗含的東西.這樣的反應(yīng)包括:哮喘,驚厥,肺炎,糖尿病,自身免疫性疾病,耳朵感染,嗜中性白血球減少癥,血小板減少癥,喘息,義膜性喉炎,以及嬰兒卒死綜合癥.
證實(shí)了與有害反應(yīng)的可能聯(lián)系的個(gè)人事例如下:
“我六個(gè)月大的孩子兩天前接種了Prevnar.她當(dāng)天晚上就嘔吐.注射的地方非常紅腫.看起來(lái)就象燒傷[并且]在皮下有一個(gè)大結(jié)節(jié),這個(gè)結(jié)節(jié)…從注射的地方象一根手指頭似的延伸了出來(lái).”
“我12個(gè)月大的女兒剛接種了Prevnar[以及其他疫苗].她嘔吐了三個(gè)小時(shí)并且腹瀉.我的寶寶送到了醫(yī)院并查出了肺炎.”


流腦
流腦是一種能夠引起腦膜炎和腦膜炎球菌血癥或者敗血癥的嚴(yán)重的細(xì)菌疾病.流腦病原體由至少13種不同的種類組成,包括血清組A,B,C,Y,W-135,29E以及Z. 血清組C(也可稱為Meningoccus C, MenC, 或者M(jìn)eningitis C)這種病因占了美國(guó)所有流腦病的20%,英國(guó)的40%.{圖22}
最近改良了至少三種新的流腦疫苗并推薦給兩個(gè)月大的嬰兒使用.
結(jié)論:小于一歲的嬰兒有很大感染流腦的風(fēng)險(xiǎn).1到5歲大的兒童是第二個(gè)高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)人群.15到19歲的孩子對(duì)這種疾病更加敏感.1998年,澳大利亞報(bào)告了421例這種疾病,加拿大只有126例,日本只報(bào)告了六例.在美國(guó),C組流腦的爆發(fā)已經(jīng)報(bào)道了.CDC評(píng)估說(shuō)”每年在美國(guó)的大學(xué)生中有100到125例腦炎發(fā)生,并且引起了5到15例死亡.”然而并沒有提到確定的病原體(一種HIB,肺炎或者腦膜炎球菌病毒)是這些受到”評(píng)估的” 腦膜炎的原因,CDC也沒有提供材料來(lái)證實(shí)他們作出這些評(píng)估的方法.英國(guó)衛(wèi)生部承認(rèn)”流腦感染是較少的,在英國(guó)每年每100,000人大約感染5人.”
直到流腦疫苗在市場(chǎng)上應(yīng)用幾年之前,沒有人確定地知道流腦疫苗有多安全.英國(guó)衛(wèi)生部的一份情況說(shuō)明書直接說(shuō):”沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)疫苗的反作用”然而,到2000年九月5號(hào)為止(全國(guó)性的C型腦膜炎運(yùn)動(dòng)發(fā)動(dòng)還不到一年),在使用了這種疫苗之后,英國(guó)藥品安全委員會(huì)(CSM)已經(jīng)收到了7,742份黃牌報(bào)告—可疑的反作用—包括至少12例死亡.英國(guó)政府設(shè)法使公眾相信多數(shù)的死亡是由嬰兒猝死綜合癥引起的.
C型腦膜炎疫苗是設(shè)計(jì)用來(lái)預(yù)防C類流腦病原體引起的細(xì)菌疾病—所有病例中這種病例在美國(guó)只占20%,英國(guó)只占40%.這種疫苗不含B類流腦—這種疾病的經(jīng)常性的原因(圖22).也不可能用這種疫苗來(lái)預(yù)防肺炎球菌,B型haemophilus influenzae或者新出現(xiàn)非典型的細(xì)菌引起的疾病.因此,當(dāng)一個(gè)人接種疫苗之后,并且還是感染了細(xì)菌性疾病,就很難判斷是這種疫苗失效了還是這種病是由這種疫苗引起的,由它種細(xì)菌引起的或者由其他完全不同的細(xì)菌病原體引起的.
以下經(jīng)歷代表了這些可能性:”當(dāng)我在讀高中的時(shí)候,我的父母讓我接種了腦膜炎疫苗.接種之后,我就因身體每個(gè)系統(tǒng)被受到了重大感染而住進(jìn)了醫(yī)院.在我住院期間,我的父母告訴我前兩天我根本就認(rèn)不出他們.醫(yī)生對(duì)我實(shí)施了腰椎穿刺.這個(gè)手續(xù)要麻醉我的身體中間一段,因此他們可以用一根巨大的針插入我的脊髓來(lái)抽取一些液質(zhì)來(lái)檢測(cè).他們的診斷結(jié)果是腦膜炎.我住院了三個(gè)星期.他們甚至就不愿意考慮我這種幾乎致命的疾病是由接種腦膜炎疫苗引起的.”
美國(guó)兒科聯(lián)合會(huì)的立場(chǎng)是:”全面的接種[流腦疫苗]是沒有必要的.”聯(lián)合免疫實(shí)踐咨詢委員會(huì)對(duì)所有大學(xué)生進(jìn)行了一項(xiàng)疫苗的經(jīng)濟(jì)分析,并斷定對(duì)于整個(gè)社會(huì)來(lái)說(shuō)沒有成本效益,因?yàn)椤贝髮W(xué)生流腦的整體風(fēng)險(xiǎn)是很低的”,并且大學(xué)新生”相對(duì)于他們同樣年齡的其他人來(lái)說(shuō)只有很小的流腦的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增長(zhǎng).”


A型肝炎
A型肝炎是一種通過(guò)污染的食物或者水傳播的接觸傳染性肝臟病.癥狀跟流感很象,發(fā)燒,打寒戰(zhàn),以及疲乏.黃疸很普遍.1995年,A型肝炎疫苗在美國(guó)批準(zhǔn)使用了.
結(jié)論:據(jù)CDC說(shuō),”美國(guó)A型肝炎的總的發(fā)病率在過(guò)去的幾十年主要由于清潔衛(wèi)生條件的改善已經(jīng)下降了.”在1990年代早期,在美國(guó)每年大約有12,000例報(bào)告.征候和癥狀通常不會(huì)超過(guò)兩個(gè)月.一般能夠完全恢復(fù).然而,CDC評(píng)估美國(guó)每年大約有100人死于該病.盡管如此,急性A型肝炎在所有年齡段病例的致死率只有0.3%(少于1%的1/3).在所有A型肝炎死亡率中,超過(guò)70%的病例發(fā)生在50歲以上的成人中.
感染A型肝炎的高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)人群是那些到世界這種疾病正在流行的地方旅游的人們,與其他男人有性行為的男人,以及IV毒品使用者.兒童不在高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)人群之內(nèi).然而,權(quán)威機(jī)構(gòu)相信”兒童的日常接種是在全國(guó)范圍內(nèi)減少A型肝炎最有效的方式.”換句話說(shuō),兒童就會(huì)處于一種有問(wèn)題的疫苗的所有潛在風(fēng)險(xiǎn)之下,幾乎沒有什么自我好處,只是作為保護(hù)高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)人群的全面免疫政策的一部分,然而國(guó)家想要接種這些人又難以找到,或者這些人拒絕接種該疫苗.
A型肝炎疫苗在”人類纖維原細(xì)胞”中繁殖,這些”維原細(xì)胞”來(lái)自于流產(chǎn)的胎兒組織中.包含了甲醛(已知的致癌物質(zhì)),鋁的氫氧化物,以及2-含苯氧基乙醇,一種可以與防凍劑類比的有毒化學(xué)物質(zhì).
A型肝炎疫苗沒有包括在國(guó)家疫苗傷害賠償程序之內(nèi).然而,許多與這種疫苗相關(guān)的嚴(yán)重的反應(yīng)事件已經(jīng)向制造商報(bào)告.包括:過(guò)敏性反應(yīng), Guillaine-Barre綜合癥,臂叢神經(jīng)病,橫向脊髓炎,腦病,腦膜炎,多形式紅斑,以及多發(fā)性硬化.此外,由CDC以及FDA操作的疫苗相反事件報(bào)告系統(tǒng)(VAERS)接收了大量的與該疫苗相關(guān)的”泌尿系統(tǒng), hematologic以及自體免疫綜合癥”報(bào)告.
預(yù)防的持續(xù)時(shí)間”目前不可知”.A型肝炎的孵化期(接觸與表現(xiàn)出來(lái)癥狀之間的時(shí)期)也有50天.因此,當(dāng)一個(gè)小孩接種了該疫苗并且感染了該病之后,疫苗不會(huì)間接地成為缺陷或者原因.相反地,原因會(huì)被歸咎于小孩早已經(jīng)有了潛伏的疾病.


呼吸道融合病毒
(RSV)

RSV是嬰兒和小于一歲的兒童的細(xì)支氣管炎以及肺炎的最常見的原因.它在上了年紀(jì)的人中還會(huì)引起嚴(yán)重的呼吸道疾病.RSV具有很高的傳染性.癥狀一開始跟普通感冒很象,然后隨著受感染的人開始發(fā)燒變得更加嚴(yán)重,打噴嚏,以及呼吸困難.大多數(shù)健康的兒童在一到兩周內(nèi)能恢復(fù).然而,在他們的第一次RSV感染中,大約1%的嬰兒需要住院治療.一些人死于該病的并發(fā)癥.
嚴(yán)重RSV感染的治療主要是支持性質(zhì)的:給氧治療,水合治療,以及營(yíng)養(yǎng)治療.疫苗還不存在.研究人員已經(jīng)被組織體的易變性所難住,并且”早期的一些嘗試[發(fā)明疫苗]實(shí)際上使得并發(fā)感染更加糟糕.”然而,FDA批準(zhǔn)了兩種”預(yù)防媒介”.1996年, Respigam(從人類血漿中制造的一種免疫球蛋白)開始應(yīng)用了.1998年, Synagis(一種在人類以及老鼠基因中產(chǎn)生的”單克隆抗體”)進(jìn)入了市場(chǎng).
結(jié)論:1956年,RSV在黑猩猩身上發(fā)現(xiàn)了.根據(jù)研究過(guò)超過(guò)30,000頁(yè)跟疫苗接種有關(guān)的醫(yī)學(xué)論文的Viera Scheibner博士的說(shuō)法,RSV病毒”造成了脊髓灰質(zhì)炎疫苗的主要的污染物,并且很快就在兒童身體中檢測(cè)了出來(lái).”它們?cè)诮臃N了脊髓灰質(zhì)炎的嬰兒中引起了嚴(yán)重的類感冒癥狀.1961年,美國(guó)醫(yī)學(xué)聯(lián)合會(huì)期刊公布了兩個(gè)研究結(jié)果,證實(shí)了RSV以及”相對(duì)嚴(yán)重的下呼吸道疾病”之間的因果關(guān)系.在57%的有細(xì)支氣管炎以及肺炎的嬰兒中, 以及在12%的具有溫和發(fā)燒呼吸道疾病的嬰兒中,發(fā)現(xiàn)了這種病毒.受到感染的嬰兒一直可以病三到五個(gè)月.RSV還被發(fā)現(xiàn)可以傳染,并且不久就會(huì)傳染給成人,并且在成人身上會(huì)跟普通感冒聯(lián)系起來(lái).今天,多數(shù)處于RSV嚴(yán)重并發(fā)癥風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的孩子,包括早產(chǎn)兒或者患慢性肺病,免疫系統(tǒng)疾病,神經(jīng)肌肉紊亂,先天性心臟病以及其他生下來(lái)就有的疾病的嬰兒.
在RSV為期五個(gè)月(通常是從11月到4月)的系列接種開始以及進(jìn)行期間, Synagis是作為其中一種給用的.它非常昂貴;每一次注射也許值900美圓甚至更多.曾有報(bào)道說(shuō)一位母親被收費(fèi)了7,000美圓接種第一劑,接下來(lái)的每一劑要2600美圓一劑.她的保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)都不足以支付了.
Synagis是用來(lái)預(yù)防RSV引起的嚴(yán)重的下呼吸道感染.研究表明對(duì)于非RSV呼吸系統(tǒng)疾病它改變不了發(fā)生率以及住院的平均日期,它也預(yù)防不了上呼吸道感染.實(shí)際上,臨床研究指出接種了Synagis的兒童比起沒有接種的兒童更容易上呼吸道感染.此外,一些兒童盡管已經(jīng)接種了Synagis,他們還是會(huì)得RSV.數(shù)據(jù)顯示他們不比那些同樣得了RSV但是沒有接種過(guò)Synagis的兒童的癥狀輕.
在一次可控的臨床研究中, Synagis被發(fā)現(xiàn)增加了得耳中膜炎,鼻炎,咽炎,皮疹,疼痛,以及疝氣的可能性.其他在接種了這種”預(yù)防性”生物學(xué)產(chǎn)品的報(bào)告的有害事件有:發(fā)燒,咳嗽,噴嚏,細(xì)支氣管炎,肺炎,支氣管炎,哮喘,義膜性喉炎,呼吸困難,竇炎,呼吸暫停,腹瀉,嘔吐,肝臟功能異常,濾過(guò)性病毒感染,真菌皮炎,濕疹, seborrhea,結(jié)膜炎,貧血癥,流感綜合癥,以及發(fā)育不良.
要想了解更多的疫苗安全,有效,法律,支持團(tuán)體,自然替代法,相反的疫苗損害,以及更多的內(nèi)容,請(qǐng)?jiān)L問(wèn)…
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[ Last edited by 尋找中醫(yī) on 2006/10/5 at 08:36 ]
－－－－－－－－－－－前言
This book came about as a result of my search to find the truth about vaccines. When my son was born, the matter became important to me. I began by gathering stacks of information from local, state, college, and medical libraries. Much of this information was taken directly from scientific journals. One by one I studied each “mandatory” vaccine. What were the symptoms of the disease it was meant to protect against? If the disease were contracted, how dangerous could it be? I also looked for 1) solid proof that the vaccine was responsible for a general decline in the incidence of the disease, 2) evidence that the vaccine is effective(Does it offer true immunity?), and 3) side effects and safety.
本書來(lái)源于本人研究疫苗真相的發(fā)現(xiàn)。在我的兒子剛出生的時(shí)候，這個(gè)事情就變得尤為重要了。我開始從地方、州、大學(xué)和醫(yī)學(xué)圖書館收集大量資料。這些資料中的很大一部分來(lái)自于科學(xué)刊物。我挨個(gè)研究了每個(gè)強(qiáng)制性疫苗。疫苗是用來(lái)預(yù)防疾病的什么癥狀？如果感染了該病，那么會(huì)有多危險(xiǎn)？我也尋找了 1)疫苗是疾病影響范圍全面減少的確切證據(jù)2) 疫苗有效的證據(jù)（它能有真正的免疫能力嗎？)，3)副作用和安全性。
Slowly, the pieces of the puzzle began to fall into place. Many of the vaccines could not show that they were responsible for a decline in the incidence of the disease. Some of the graphs in this book portray this fact by showing how many of these diseases were declining in number and severity on their own, before the vaccines were introduced. Many of the vaccines also failed to show evidence of their ability to confer immunity. In fact, some studies show that the disease is more likely to be contracted by those who are vaccinated against it than by those who are left alone. Finally, many of the vaccines are unsafe. Thousands of children have been damaged by them. Seizures, retardation and death are only a few of the many potential “side effects.”
慢慢地，我的迷惑開始澄清了。許多疫苗不能說(shuō)明它們就是疾病影響范圍減少的原因。本書的一些圖例描述了這一事實(shí)：在很多疫苗應(yīng)用之前，有多少疾病自身在數(shù)量以及嚴(yán)重性方面已經(jīng)減低了。許多疫苗也不能提出它們具有免疫性的證據(jù)。事實(shí)上，一些研究顯示疾病更可能是被那些對(duì)這些疾病免疫過(guò)的人所傳染，而不是那些沒有免疫過(guò)的人。最后，許多疫苗并不安全。成千上萬(wàn)的兒童已經(jīng)被這些疫苗損害。驚厥，智力遲鈍以及死亡只是許多潛在“副作用”的少數(shù)幾種。
In spite of these findings, I was even more shocked to learn that many powerful individuals within the organized medical profession—the Medical-Industrial Complex—including influential members of the World Health Organization(WHO), the American Medical Association(AMA), the American Academy of Pediatrics(AAP), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention(CDC), the Food and Drug Administration(FDA), major medical journals, hospitals, health professors, scientists, coroners, and the vaccine manufacturers, are aware of much of this information as well, but appear to have an implicit agreement to obscure the facts, minimize the truth, and deceive the public. For years—ever since the early part of this century when the organized medical profession was granted a legal monopoly on health care—it has stifled dissenting individuals within and outside of the profession from making their warnings known. But doctors are merely human; their united front is only a stoic facade that hides their many differences and concerns. For example, some doctors do warn parents about the potential dangers associated with vaccines. A few even require parents to sign a form absolving the doctor from liability if the child is damaged from the shots. Medical experts who refuse to inoculate their own children are also making a powerful statement, as are the medical policymakers who cower to business concerns, or who elect to disregard pertinent data, especially when a whole nation is willing to trust their partial conclusions while placing innocent children into their care.
除了這些發(fā)現(xiàn)而外，在醫(yī)學(xué)專門組織結(jié)構(gòu)（醫(yī)療工業(yè)聯(lián)合體)的許多實(shí)權(quán)人物都知道這些事情，但是他們暗地里似乎有協(xié)議似的來(lái)模糊掩蓋這些事實(shí)，讓人們難以認(rèn)識(shí)到真相，并且欺騙公眾。這些機(jī)構(gòu)包括WHO（世界衛(wèi)生組織)的有影響力的成員，AMA（美國(guó)醫(yī)學(xué)聯(lián)合會(huì))，AAP（全美兒科學(xué)會(huì))，CDC（疾病防控中心)，F(xiàn)DA（食品藥物管理局)，重要的醫(yī)學(xué)期刊，醫(yī)院，健康教授，科學(xué)家，驗(yàn)尸官，以及疫苗制造廠商。多年以來(lái)——甚至從本世紀(jì)初期，當(dāng)醫(yī)療專門組織機(jī)構(gòu)被賦予合法的健康治療壟斷權(quán)以來(lái)——在這些機(jī)構(gòu)內(nèi)外的個(gè)人的不同意見和他們被廣泛認(rèn)可的警告都被扼殺。但是醫(yī)生也是人；他們這個(gè)對(duì)病人的病痛不為所動(dòng)的聯(lián)合群體只不過(guò)是隱藏了他們各自不同的差異和感情。例如，一些醫(yī)生確實(shí)警告了家長(zhǎng)關(guān)于疫苗的潛在危險(xiǎn)。有一些醫(yī)生甚至要求家長(zhǎng)在表格上簽字來(lái)免除小孩接受疫苗注射之后發(fā)生危害帶來(lái)的責(zé)任。拒絕給自己孩子接種疫苗的醫(yī)學(xué)專家正在準(zhǔn)備發(fā)表此類的有力的聲明，害怕行政問(wèn)責(zé)或者剔除無(wú)視有關(guān)資料的醫(yī)療政策制定者也這樣干。尤其當(dāng)整個(gè)國(guó)家都相信他們片面的結(jié)論，將無(wú)辜的兒童置于他們的照看之下的時(shí)候更是如此。
On the other hand, few parents are prepared to arrive at their own conclusions regarding the vaccine decision. They tenaciously, almost religiously, trust their doctors and pediatricians. They are afraid to ask questions, or to even consider all of their options. Many parents are simply unwilling to take responsibility for health-related decisions. But parents are ultimately responsible for their own health and the health of their children.
另一方面，很少有家長(zhǎng)愿意去尋找有關(guān)是否需要接種疫苗的自己的結(jié)論。他們頑固，幾乎是虔誠(chéng)地相信他們的醫(yī)生以及兒科醫(yī)師。他們害怕問(wèn)問(wèn)題，甚至害怕考慮自己所擁有的選擇權(quán)！許多家長(zhǎng)僅僅是不愿意為健康相關(guān)的決定負(fù)責(zé)任。但是父母最終還是要為他們自己的健康以及他們孩子的健康承擔(dān)責(zé)任。
I wrote this book so that parents, like yourself, may make more informed decisions regarding vaccines. I do not advocate them, nor do I presume to know what is best for you and your family. I merely try to present the facts in a clear and straightforward manner. Therefore, if after reading this book you still have questions and concerns, I suggest that you study the references in the back of this book, as well as any other pertinent information you can find. In fact, I recommend that you continue with your search for the truth for as long as it takes to arrive at a proper solution to the vaccine dilemma.
我寫這本書的目的是讓包括讀者在內(nèi)的家長(zhǎng)也許能夠?qū)τ嘘P(guān)疫苗的事情作出更為明智的抉擇。我不鼓吹這些觀點(diǎn)，我也不先入為主地認(rèn)為什么對(duì)你和你的家庭是好的。我只想用一種清晰而直白的方式擺出事實(shí)。因此，如果讀了本書之后你仍有問(wèn)題以及關(guān)心的事項(xiàng)，我建議你研讀書后的參考資料以及你能找到的其他相關(guān)信息。事實(shí)上，我建議你繼續(xù)研究事情的真相——只要能得出一個(gè)恰當(dāng)解決疫苗兩難困境的辦法。

Neil Z. Miller
Medical Research Journalist
醫(yī)學(xué)研究專欄作家

Childhood vaccines
兒童疫苗

Vaccines are injections that contain weakened amounts of the disease germ that they are meant to protect against. They are said to work by simulating the body to produce antibodies—proteins that defend the body from an invasion by harmful germs. The term “vaccine” is derived from “vacca”, the Latin word for cow. This is because the material in cowpox (a disease affecting the udders of cows), was injected into people to protect them against an attack of smallpox.
疫苗是含有一定量的被弱化的病菌的注射劑，而這些病菌就是疫苗抗擊的對(duì)象。據(jù)說(shuō)這些弱化的病菌的工作原理是模擬身體產(chǎn)生抗體—保護(hù)身體，抵御有害細(xì)菌入侵的蛋白質(zhì)。“vaccine”（疫苗)這個(gè)術(shù)語(yǔ)來(lái)自于拉丁語(yǔ)“vacca”（母牛)。這是因?yàn)榕６恢械奈镔|(zhì)曾被注射給人體來(lái)保護(hù)人體免受天花的侵襲。
The idea of vaccinations to prevent disease dates back to 1796. In that year Edward Jenner, a British physician, believed that dairymaids who had caught cowpox (a minor disease), could not catch smallpox (a fatal disease). Jenner then took diseased matter from the hand of Sarah Nelmes, a local dairymaid who had become infected with cowpox, and inserted this matter into the cut arm of James Phipps, a healthy eight-year-old boy. The boy then caught cowpox. Forty-eight days later Jenner inserted smallpox matter into the boy. It had no effect. This was the first recorded vaccination.
接種疫苗預(yù)防疾病的想法從1796年開始就有了。這年英國(guó)的一個(gè)內(nèi)科醫(yī)生Edward Jenner相信得了牛痘（一種不嚴(yán)重的疾病)的乳牛場(chǎng)女工不會(huì)得天花（一種致命的疾病)。那時(shí)Jenner從當(dāng)?shù)氐囊粋�(gè)已經(jīng)感染過(guò)牛痘的乳牛場(chǎng)女工的手上取出了一些患病物質(zhì)，并將這些物質(zhì)注入一個(gè)叫James Phipps的八歲健康男孩的割破的手臂里。于是這個(gè)男孩也得了牛痘。48天后，Jenner將含有天花病毒的物質(zhì)注入這個(gè)男孩身上。天花病毒就不起作用了。這是首次有記錄的疫苗接種。
Today, several vaccines exist. They are prevalent—even mandatory—in many countries. Most people trust them to be safe and effective. However, findings on several of the more commonly administered vaccines do not support this conclusion.
今天，好幾種疫苗存在于世。這些疫苗在許多國(guó)家非常流行，甚至有時(shí)候是國(guó)家強(qiáng)制性要求接種的。多數(shù)人相信它們是安全有效的。然而，對(duì)幾種非常普遍地使用的疫苗的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)并不支持這一結(jié)論。

POLIO
脊髓灰質(zhì)炎

is a contagious disease caused by an intestinal virus that may attack nerve cells of the brain and spinal cord. Symptoms include fever, headache, sore throat, and vomiting. Some victims develop neurological complications, including stiffness of the neck and back, weak muscles, pain in the joints, and paralysis of one or more limbs or respiratory muscles. In severe cases it may be fatal, due to respiratory paralysis.
Polio(脊髓灰質(zhì)炎)是由一種可以攻擊大腦神經(jīng)細(xì)胞以及脊髓的腸內(nèi)病毒引起的接觸傳染性疾病.癥狀包括發(fā)燒,頭痛,喉嚨痛以及嘔吐.一些病患發(fā)展成了神經(jīng)并發(fā)癥,譬如肩背強(qiáng)硬,肌肉無(wú)力,關(guān)節(jié)疼痛以及四肢的一肢或者多肢以及呼吸肌的癱瘓.在嚴(yán)重的病例中甚至?xí)�由于呼吸麻痹產(chǎn)生致命的后果.
Treatment consists of putting the patient to bed and allowing the affected limbs to be completely relaxed. If breathing is affected, a respirator may be used. Physical therapy may be required.
可以采取如下方式來(lái)治療:將病人放在床上,并將受到影響的肢體完全放松.如果呼吸受到影響,也許要使用呼吸器.根據(jù)情況也許還需要物理治療.
In 1955, Dr. Jonas Salk, an American physician and scientist, developed a killed-virus (inactivated) vaccine against polio. Shortly thereafter, Dr. Albert Sabin, also an American physician and scientist, developed a live-virus (oral) vaccine against polio. Both vaccines are said to be safe and effective at preventing the disease.
1955年,美國(guó)的一位內(nèi)科醫(yī)生以及科學(xué)家Jonas Salk博士改良出了滅活疫苗來(lái)對(duì)付polio.從那以后很快, Albert Sabin博士(也是美國(guó)的一位內(nèi)科醫(yī)生以及科學(xué)家)又改良成功了一種活性的口服菌苗.兩種疫苗據(jù)說(shuō)在預(yù)防疾病方面都是安全有效的.

Findings: Many people mistakenly believe that anyone who contracts polio will become paralyzed or die. However, in most infections caused by polio there are few distinctive symptoms. In fact, 95 percent of everyone who is exposed to the natural polio virus won’t exhibit any symptoms, even under epidemic conditions. About five percent of infected people will experience mild symptoms, such as a sore throat, stiff neck, headache, and fever—often diagnosed as a cold or flu. Muscular paralysis has been estimated to occur in about one of every 1,000 people who contract the disease. This has leaded some scientific researchers to conclude that the small percentage of people who do develop paralytic polio may be anatomically susceptible to the disease. The vast remainder of the population may be naturally immune to the polio germ.
結(jié)論: 許多人錯(cuò)誤地相信任何感染了脊髓灰質(zhì)炎的人都會(huì)癱瘓或者死亡.然而,多數(shù)感染的情況癥狀幾乎都差不多.事實(shí)上,接觸自然條件下接觸polio病毒的95%的人都不會(huì)表現(xiàn)任何癥狀,甚至在疾病流行的時(shí)候也不會(huì).大約5%的人受到感染并會(huì)經(jīng)歷輕微的癥狀,諸如喉嚨痛,頸部發(fā)硬,頭痛以及發(fā)燒,很多時(shí)候都被當(dāng)作感冒或者流感了.肌肉麻痹的情況據(jù)估計(jì)只會(huì)發(fā)生在感染了該疾病的大約1/1000的人中出現(xiàn).這種情況讓一些科學(xué)研究者得出了這一結(jié)論:少部分變成脊髓灰質(zhì)炎的人從解剖的角度來(lái)說(shuō)可能更易致病.絕大部分其他人也許對(duì)這種病菌自然就有了免疫力.
Several studies have shown that injections increase susceptibility to polio. In fact, researchers have known since the early 1900s that paralytic polio often started at the site of an injection. When diphtheria and pertussis vaccines were introduced in the 1940s, cases of paralytic polio skyrocketed (Figure 1). This was documented in Lancet and other medical publications. For example, in 1995 the New England Journal of Medicine published a study showing that children who received a single injection within one month after receiving a polio vaccine were eight times more likely to contract polio than children who received no injections.
幾個(gè)研究已經(jīng)說(shuō)明了注射疫苗更加容易感染脊髓灰質(zhì)炎.事實(shí)上,研究人員自從1900年代開始就知道了脊髓灰質(zhì)炎經(jīng)常在注射疫苗的地方開始發(fā)生.當(dāng)白喉以及百日咳疫苗在1940年代開始臨床使用以后,脊髓灰質(zhì)炎的病例開始急劇增長(zhǎng)(圖1).這個(gè)事實(shí)記載在柳葉刀(西方最著名的醫(yī)學(xué)刊物之一)以及其他醫(yī)學(xué)刊物上.例如,1995年新英格蘭醫(yī)學(xué)期刊公布了一個(gè)研究結(jié)論,該結(jié)論說(shuō)明在接受脊髓灰質(zhì)炎的疫苗之后,在一個(gè)月內(nèi)再注射一針的小孩感染脊髓灰質(zhì)炎的可能性是沒有接受注射的小孩的8倍.
Several studies show that injections increase susceptibility to polio. When diphtheria and pertussis vaccines were introduced in the 1940s, cases of paralytic poliomyelitis skyrocketed. This chart shows the average number of polio cases per 100,000 people during five year periods before and after the vaccines were introduced. Source : National Morbidity Reports taken from U.S. Public Health surveillance reports; Lancet (April 18, 1950), pp.659-63.


Polio is virtually nonexistent in the United States today. However, according to Dr. Robert Mendelsohn, medical investigator and pediatrician, there is no credible scientific evidence that the vaccine caused polio to disappear. From 1923 to 1953, before the Salk killed-virus vaccine was introduced, the polio death rate in the United States and England had already declined on its own by 47 percent and 55 percent, respectively (Figure 2). Statistics show a similar decline in other European countries as well. And when the vaccine did become available, many European countries questioned its effectiveness and refused to systematically inoculate their citizens. Yet, polio epidemics also ended in these countries.
今天脊髓灰質(zhì)炎事實(shí)上在美國(guó)已經(jīng)不存在.然而,根據(jù)Robert Mendelsohn博士(醫(yī)學(xué)調(diào)查人以及兒科醫(yī)生)的說(shuō)法,沒有確切的科學(xué)證據(jù)證明脊髓灰質(zhì)炎的消失是因?yàn)橐呙绲淖饔?從1923年到1953年,在Salk的滅活疫苗臨床應(yīng)用之前,在美國(guó)和英格蘭的脊髓灰質(zhì)炎的死亡率就已經(jīng)自己分別下降了47和55個(gè)百分點(diǎn)(圖2).統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)也說(shuō)明了其他歐洲國(guó)家的同樣的下降情況.并且在疫苗真的投入使用的時(shí)候,許多歐洲國(guó)家質(zhì)疑了它的有效性,并且拒絕系統(tǒng)地為他們的公民接種.然而,脊髓灰質(zhì)炎也沒見在這些國(guó)家流行.
From 1923 to 1953, before the Salk killed-virus vaccine was introduced, the polio death rate in the United States and England had already declined on its own by 47 percent and 55 percent, respectively. Source: International Mortality Statistics (1981) by Michael Alderson.


The number of reported cases of polio following mass inoculations with the killed-virus vaccine was significantly greater than before mass inoculations, and may have more than doubled in the U.S. as a whole. For example, Vermont reported 15 cases of polio during the one-year report period ending August 30, 1954(before mass inoculations), compared to 55 cases of polio during the one –year period ending August 30, 1955 (after mass inoculations)—a 266% increase. Rhode Island reported 22 cases during the before inoculations period as compared to 122 cases during the after inoculations period—a 454% increase. In New Hampshire the figures were 38-129; in Connecticut they were 144-276; and in Massachusetts they were 273-2027—a whopping 642% increase (Figure 3).
在大規(guī)模接種滅活疫苗之后,脊髓灰質(zhì)炎病例報(bào)導(dǎo)的數(shù)量大大超出沒有大規(guī)模注射以前,也許在美國(guó)翻了個(gè)倍.例如,Vermont在1954年8月30日結(jié)束的為期一年的報(bào)導(dǎo)中,報(bào)告了15例脊髓灰質(zhì)炎(在大規(guī)模接種之前), 而在1955年8月30日結(jié)束的為期一年報(bào)導(dǎo)中報(bào)導(dǎo)了55例(在大規(guī)模接種之后),增長(zhǎng)了266%. Rhode Island在接種時(shí)期之前以及之后分別報(bào)導(dǎo)了22例以及122例,增長(zhǎng)了454%.在新漢普郡(英國(guó)南部之一郡),數(shù)字分別是38和129;在（美國(guó))康涅狄格數(shù)字分別是144和276;在馬薩諸塞州分別是273和2027—巨增了642%(圖3).
When national immunization campaigns were initiated in the 1950s, the number of reported cases of polio following mass inoculations with the killed-virus vaccine was significantly greater than before mass inoculations, and may have more than doubled in the U.S. as a whole. Source: U.S. government statistics.

Doctors and scientists on the staff of the National Institutes of Health during the 1950s were well aware that the Salk vaccine was causing polio. Some frankly stated that it was “worthless as a preventive and dangerous to take.” They refused to vaccinate their own children. Health departments banned the inoculations. The Idaho State Health Director angrily declared:” I hold the Salk vaccine and its manufacturers responsible” for a polio outbreak that killed several Idahoans and hospitalized dozens more. Even Salk himself was quoted as saying:” When you inoculate children with a polio vaccine you don’t sleep well for two or three weeks.” But the National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis, and drug companies with large investments in the vaccine coerced the U.S. Public Health Service into falsely proclaiming the vaccine was safe and effective.
1950年代,國(guó)立健康研究所的醫(yī)生和科學(xué)家當(dāng)時(shí)就充分意識(shí)到了Salk疫苗在引起脊髓灰質(zhì)炎.有些坦白表明了該疫苗”預(yù)防上毫無(wú)益處并且接種后會(huì)發(fā)生危險(xiǎn)”.他們拒絕給他們自己的小孩接種.衛(wèi)生部門禁止了疫苗接種. 愛達(dá)荷州(美國(guó)州名)衛(wèi)生部長(zhǎng)憤怒地宣稱:”我要Salk疫苗和它的制造廠商對(duì)于脊髓灰質(zhì)炎的爆發(fā),并害死了幾個(gè)愛達(dá)荷州人以及導(dǎo)致了許多愛達(dá)荷州人負(fù)責(zé).”甚至引用Salk自己的話來(lái)說(shuō):”在你給孩子接種了脊髓灰質(zhì)炎疫苗之后2到3星期,你都不要想睡好覺.”但是國(guó)家脊髓灰質(zhì)炎基金以及投了巨大資金在疫苗上的醫(yī)藥公司強(qiáng)迫美國(guó)公共衛(wèi)生服務(wù)機(jī)構(gòu)錯(cuò)誤地宣布疫苗是有效并且安全的.
The standards for defining polio were changed when the live-virus polio vaccine was introduced. The new definition of a “polio epidemic” required more cases to be reported. Paralytic polio was redefined as well, making it more difficult to confirm and tally cases. Prior to the introduction of the vaccine the patient only had to exhibit paralytic symptoms for 24 hours. Laboratory confirmation and tests to determine residual (prolonged) paralysis were not required.
在活性病毒脊髓灰質(zhì)炎疫苗投入臨床之后,定義脊髓灰質(zhì)炎的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)發(fā)生了改變.新的”脊髓灰質(zhì)炎流行”的定義需要有更多的病例報(bào)道.致癱的脊髓灰質(zhì)炎也重新定義了,使得確定并且計(jì)算病例變得更加困難.在疫苗臨床使用之前,病人只要出現(xiàn)了24小時(shí)麻痹癥狀,并不需要實(shí)驗(yàn)室的確認(rèn)以及測(cè)定來(lái)肯定殘余的(延長(zhǎng)的)麻痹.
The new definition required the patient to exhibit paralytic symptoms for at least 60 days, and residual paralysis had to be confirmed twice during the course of the disease. Also, after the vaccine was introduced cases of aseptic meningitis (an infectious disease that is difficult to distinguish from polio) and coxsackie virus infections were reported as separate diseases from polio. But such cases were counted as polio before the vaccine was introduced. Its reported effectiveness was therefore skewed (Figures 4 and 5). (The practice of redefining a disease when it supports official immunization goals—despite the questionable ethics—was a common tactic with smallpox as well. For example, in Great Britain the Ministry of health admitted that the vaccine status of the individual is a guiding factor in diagnosis. In other words, if a person who is vaccinated contracts the disease, the disease is simply recorded under a different name.)
新的定義要求病人表現(xiàn)出麻痹癥狀至少60天以上,并且殘余的麻痹必須在發(fā)病的過(guò)程中確認(rèn)2次以上.在疫苗臨床使用之后,非菌性腦膜炎(一種難以和脊髓灰質(zhì)炎區(qū)分的傳染性疾病)和柯薩奇病毒感染的報(bào)道從脊髓灰質(zhì)炎病例中分開了.但是這些病例在疫苗臨床使用之前確是被當(dāng)作脊髓灰質(zhì)炎.報(bào)道的效力馬上就下降了(圖4圖5).(在要支持官方的免疫性目標(biāo)的時(shí)候,重新定義一種疾病是一種普通策略,這是不管道德置疑的—天花也是如此.例如,在大不列顛,衛(wèi)生部承認(rèn)個(gè)人接種疫苗的狀況是診斷中的導(dǎo)向因素.換句話說(shuō),如果某人接種疫苗之后感染了該病,該疾病就用另一個(gè)名字來(lái)記錄.)
Cases of polio were more often reported as aseptic meningitis after the vaccine was introduced, skewing efficacy rates. Source: Morbidiy and Mortality. Reportable Diseases: The Los Angeles County Health Index.

In 1976, Dr. Jonas Salk, creator of the killed-virus vaccine used in the 1950s, testified that the live-virus vaccine (used almost exclusively in the United States from the early 1960s to 2000) was the “principal if not sole cause” of all reported polio cases in the U.S. since 1961. (The virus remains in the throat for one to two weeks and in the feces for up to two months. Thus, vaccine recipients are at risk, and can potentially spread the disease, as long as fecal excretion of the virus continues.) In 1992, the federal Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) published an admission that the live-virus vaccine had become the dominant cause of polio in the United States. In fact, according to CDC figures, every case of polio in the U.S. since 1979 was caused by the oral polio vaccine. Authorities claim the vaccine was responsible for about eight cases of polio every year. However, an independent study that analyzed the government’s own vaccine database during a recent period of less than five years uncovered 13,641 reports of adverse events following use of the oral polio vaccine. These reports included 6,364 emergency room visits and 540 deaths. Public outrage at these tragedies became the impetus for removing the oral polio vaccine from immunization schedules.
1976年,Jonas Salk博士(1950年代臨床使用的滅活疫苗發(fā)明者)證實(shí)了滅活疫苗(從1960年代到2000年專門在美國(guó)使用)”即使不是唯一的,也是主要的”自1961年以來(lái)美國(guó)報(bào)道的所有脊髓灰質(zhì)炎病例的原因.(這種病毒可以存在喉嚨中1到2星期,也可存在于糞便中長(zhǎng)達(dá)2個(gè)月.因此,接種的人具有傳染的危險(xiǎn)性,并具有潛在傳播該疾病的可能性,因?yàn)樵摬《驹谂判刮镏心軌蚶^續(xù)存活.)在1992年,聯(lián)邦疾控中心公開承認(rèn)活性疫苗已成為了美國(guó)發(fā)生脊髓灰質(zhì)炎的主要原因.實(shí)際上,根據(jù)疾控中心的數(shù)據(jù),自從1979年以來(lái)的每例脊髓灰質(zhì)炎都是由口服脊髓灰質(zhì)炎菌苗引起的.權(quán)威機(jī)構(gòu)聲稱每年大約有8例脊髓灰質(zhì)炎病例是由疫苗引起的.然而, 在分析了政府自己最近5年內(nèi)的疫苗數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)之后,一個(gè)獨(dú)立的調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn)了13,641個(gè)使用口服脊髓灰質(zhì)炎菌苗之后的相反的事件報(bào)告.這些報(bào)告包括6,364例送搶救室的病例以及540例死亡病例.公眾對(duì)于這些慘劇的憤怒成為了將口服脊髓灰質(zhì)炎疫苗從免疫計(jì)劃排除的推動(dòng)力.
Fact sheets on polio, published by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, warn parents that the inactivated polio vaccine（IPV)can cause “serious problems or even death…” The vaccine maker warns that Guillain-Barre syndrome, a debilitating ailment characterized by muscular incapacitation and nervous system damage, “has been temporally related to administration of another inactivated poliovirus vaccine.” And although this company makes the claim that “no causal relationship has been established,” it also admits that “deaths have occurred” after vaccination of infants with IPV. Yet, like the days of old, despite these “danger alerts,” medical authorities continue to assure parents that the currently available inactivated polio vaccine is both safe and effective.
美國(guó)健康和人類服務(wù)部公布的脊髓灰質(zhì)炎事實(shí)材料警告當(dāng)父母的滅活脊髓灰質(zhì)炎疫苗(IPV)會(huì)引起”嚴(yán)重的問(wèn)題,甚至死亡…”疫苗制造廠商警告說(shuō)Guillain-Barre綜合癥(一種肌肉無(wú)力以及神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)受到損害的衰弱疾病)”目前看來(lái)與另一種滅活脊髓灰質(zhì)炎病毒疫苗的使用有關(guān).”盡管該公司聲稱”兩者之間沒有確定因果關(guān)系,”他們也承認(rèn)在給嬰兒接種了IPV之后”發(fā)生了死亡”.然而,就象過(guò)去一樣,盡管有這些”危險(xiǎn)警告”,醫(yī)學(xué)權(quán)威繼續(xù)告知當(dāng)父母的當(dāng)前使用的滅活脊髓灰質(zhì)炎疫苗是安全有效的.
Polio Vaccines and Cancer: In 1959, Bernice Eddy discovered that polio vaccines being administrated throughout the world contained an infectious agent capable of causing cancer. In 1960, Drs. Ben Sweet and M.R. Hilleman, of the Merck Institute for Therapeutic Research, were credited with discovering this infectious agent—SV-40, a simian virus that infected nearly all of the monkeys whose kidneys were used to produce polio vaccines. Hilleman and Sweet found SV-40 in all three types of Albert Sabin’s live oral polio vaccine, and noted the possibility that it might cause cancer, “especially when administered to human babies.”
脊髓灰質(zhì)炎與癌癥: 1959年, Bernice Eddy發(fā)現(xiàn)全世界范圍內(nèi)使用的脊髓灰質(zhì)炎疫苗含有一種能夠引起癌癥的傳染媒.1960年, Merck研究所從事治療研究的Drs. Ben Sweet和M.R. Hilleman發(fā)現(xiàn)并確信了這種傳染媒—SV-40—這是一種能夠感染所有的猴類的猿類病毒,而脊髓灰質(zhì)炎疫苗就是用這些猴類的腎臟來(lái)產(chǎn)生的. Hilleman和Sweet在所有三種Albert Sabin的活性口服脊髓灰質(zhì)炎疫苗中都發(fā)現(xiàn)了SV-40,”尤其在使用到人類嬰兒身上的時(shí)候.”
Further research into SV-40 uncovered even more disturbing information. This cancer-causing virus was not only ingested via Sabin’s contaminated oral sugar-cube vaccine, but was directly injected into people’s bloodstreams as well. Apparently, SV-40 survived the formaldehyde Salk used to kill microbes that defiled his injectable vaccine. Experts estimate that between 1954 and 1963, 30 million to 100 million Americans and perhaps another 100 million or more people throughout the world were exposed to SV-40 through ill-conceived polio eradication campaigns (Figure 6).
對(duì)于SV-40進(jìn)一步的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)了更加使人不安的信息.這種致癌病毒不僅通過(guò)Sabin 的受污染方糖疫苗口服劑進(jìn)入人體,還直接通過(guò)注射進(jìn)入人們的血液中.很明顯,SV-40在Salk用來(lái)殺死微生物的甲醛中能夠存活并且污染了這種注射疫苗.專家估計(jì)在1954年和1963年間,三千萬(wàn)到一億的美國(guó)人以及大概一千萬(wàn)或者更多的全世界其他地方的人們?cè)谔撏�的消滅脊髓灰質(zhì)炎運(yùn)動(dòng)中感染了SV-40(圖6).

  Studies in eminent journals throughout the world appear to confirm that SV-40 is a catalyst for many types of cancer. It has been found in brain tumors and leukemia. In 1996, Michele Carbone, a molecular pathologist at Chicago’s Loyola University Medical Center, was able to detect SV-40 in 38 percent of patients with bone cancer and in 58 percent of those with mesothelioma, a deadly type of lung cancer. Carbone’s research indicates that SV-40 blocks an important protein that normally protects cells from becoming malignant. In 1998, a national cancer database was analyzed: 17 percent more bone cancers, 20 percent more brain cancers, and 178 percent more mesotheliomas were found in people who were exposed to SV-40-tainted polio vaccines.
世界著名期刊發(fā)表了許多研究結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)SV-40是多種癌癥的催化劑.在腦瘤以及白血病中都發(fā)現(xiàn)了SV-40.1996年, Michele Carbone—芝加哥Loyola大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)中心的分子病理學(xué)家—可以在38%的骨癌以及58%的間皮瘤(一種致命的肺癌)中檢測(cè)到SV-40. Carbone的研究表明SV-40阻礙了一種通常情況下能夠保護(hù)細(xì)胞發(fā)生惡性變化的蛋白質(zhì)的形成.1998年,國(guó)家癌癥數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)分析表明:在接種了受SV-40感染的脊髓灰質(zhì)炎人群中,17%強(qiáng)的人得了骨癌,20%強(qiáng)的人得了腦癌以及178%(?)強(qiáng)的人得了間皮瘤.
Perhaps the most alarming aspect of this ongoing simian virus debacle can be found in other studies suggesting that SV-40, introduced to humans through the polio vaccine, can be passed from human to human and from mother to child. A study of nearly 59,000 women found that children of mothers who received the Salk vaccine between 1959 and 1965 had brain tumors at a rate 13 times greater than mothers who did not receive those polio shots.
也許這一點(diǎn)更令人擔(dān)憂: 在其他的研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),通過(guò)脊髓灰質(zhì)炎疫苗引入人類的SV-40,可以在人與人之間以及母親與孩子之間傳染而, 這會(huì)導(dǎo)致該正在流行的猿類病毒大規(guī)模爆發(fā).對(duì)于59,000名婦女的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在1959年到1965年內(nèi)接種過(guò)Salk疫苗的母親的孩子患腦癌的可能性是沒有接種過(guò)這些注射疫苗的13倍.
Another study published in the U.S. medical journal Cancer Research found SV-40 present in 23 percent of blood samples and 45 percent of semen taken from healthy subjects. Apparently, the virus is being spread sexually and from mother to child in the womb. According to biology and genetics professor Mauro Tognon, one of the study’s authors, this would explain why brain, bone, and lung cancers are on the rise—a 30 percent increase in U.S. brain tumors alone over the past 25 years—and why SV-40 was detected in brain tumors of children born after 1965 who presumably did not receive polio vaccines containing the virus.
另一個(gè)在美國(guó)醫(yī)學(xué)期刊<癌癥研究>中發(fā)表的研究表明,SV-40存在于健康試驗(yàn)對(duì)象的23%的血液樣本和45%的精液樣本.很明顯,該病毒正在通過(guò)性傳播以及通過(guò)子宮在母子之間傳播.據(jù)生物和遺傳學(xué)教授Mauro Tognon (其中一個(gè)研究結(jié)論的作者)說(shuō),這可以說(shuō)明為什么在過(guò)去25年內(nèi),腦癌,骨癌以及肺癌在美國(guó)為什么不斷增長(zhǎng),并且光腦瘤就增長(zhǎng)了30%.也說(shuō)明了為什么SV-40在1965年后出生,并據(jù)推斷沒有接種過(guò)脊髓灰質(zhì)炎疫苗的小孩中也能檢測(cè)到.該病毒.
Despite official denials of any correlation between polio vaccines, SV-40 and increased cancer rates, by April 2001, 62 papers from 30 laboratories around the world had reported SV-40 in human tissues and tumors. The virus was also discovered in pituitary and thyroid tumors, and in patients with kidney disease.
不論官方如何否認(rèn)脊髓灰質(zhì)炎疫苗, SV-40以及日益增長(zhǎng)的癌癥發(fā)病率之間的任何關(guān)聯(lián),截止2001年4月,全世界30個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)室的62篇論文都報(bào)告了人身組織以及腫瘤中間的SV-40. 該病毒也在腦垂體腫瘤,甲狀腺腫瘤以及患有腎臟疾病的病人中發(fā)現(xiàn).
Polio Vaccines and AIDS: SV-40, the cancer-causing monkey virus found in polio vaccines and administered to millions of unsuspecting people throughout the world, was just one of numerous simian viruses known to have contaminated polio vaccines. “As monkey kidney culture is host to innumerable simian viruses, the number found varying in relation to the amount of work expended to find them, the problem presented to the manufacturer is considerable, if not insuperable,” one early vaccine researcher wrote to a congressional panel studying the safety of growing live polio-virus vaccine in monkey kidneys. “As our technical methods improve we may find fewer and fewer lots of vaccine which can be called free from simian virus.”
Polio疫苗和愛滋病:SV-40病毒只是為數(shù)眾多的污染了polio疫苗的猿類病毒中的一種(SV-40是在polio疫苗中發(fā)現(xiàn)的能夠引發(fā)癌癥的猴類病毒, 該病毒已經(jīng)用在全世界數(shù)百萬(wàn)毫無(wú)戒備心的人們身上).”由于猴子的腎作為培養(yǎng)基是無(wú)數(shù)猿類病毒的宿主,這些病毒發(fā)現(xiàn)的數(shù)目多少有賴于尋找這些病毒的工作的進(jìn)一步開展,制造商面臨的這個(gè)難題即使不是不可克服的,也是相當(dāng)困難的.”有一位早期的疫苗研究者寫信給了國(guó)會(huì)陪審團(tuán)—陪審團(tuán)在研究含有越來(lái)越多的病毒的猴腎培養(yǎng)的活性polio疫苗.”隨著我們檢測(cè)技術(shù)手段的提高,我們也許會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)在我們所有的大量疫苗中,不含有猿類病毒的疫苗越來(lái)越少.”
According to Harvard Medical School professor Ronald Desrosier, the practice of growing polio vaccines in monkey kidneys is “a ticking time bomb.” Evidently, some viruses can live inside monkeys without causing harm. But if these viruses were to somehow cross species and enter the human population, new diseases could occur. Desrosier continued:” The danger in using monkey tissue to produce human vaccines is that some viruses produced by monkeys may be transferred to humans in the vaccine, with very bad health consequences.” Desrosier also warned that testing can only be done for known viruses, and that our knowledge is limited to about “two percent of existing monkey viruses.”
據(jù)Ronald Desrosier(哈fo醫(yī)學(xué)元教授)說(shuō),猴腎中培養(yǎng)的越來(lái)越多的polio疫苗的應(yīng)用是一個(gè)”定時(shí)炸彈”.很顯然有些存在于猴身上的病毒對(duì)猴子不會(huì)造成傷害.但是如果這些病毒由于其他各種原因在物種之間傳播并且進(jìn)入人群,新的疾病就會(huì)發(fā)生. Desrosier繼續(xù)說(shuō):”使用猴類身體組織來(lái)生產(chǎn)人類疫苗的危險(xiǎn)性在于,一些猴類中產(chǎn)生的病毒也許會(huì)通過(guò)疫苗傳播到人類中間,從而產(chǎn)生很嚴(yán)重的健康問(wèn)題.” Desrosier還警告說(shuō),我們只能夠檢測(cè)出已知的病毒,由于我們的知識(shí)所限,還有大約”2%存在的猴類病毒”我們不知道.
Virus detection techniques were crude and unreliable during the 1950s, 60s, and 70s when polio vaccines were initially produced and dispensed. It wasn’t until the mid 1980s that new and more sophisticated testing procedures were developed. That was when researchers discovered that about 50 percent of all African green monkeys—the primate of choice for making polio vaccines—were infected with simian immunodeficiency virus(SIV), a virus closely related to human immunodeficiency virus(HIV), the infectious agent thought to precede AIDS. This caused some researchers to wonder whether HIVs may simply be SIVs “residing in and adapting to a human host.” It caused others to suspect that SIV may have mutated into HIV once it was introduced into the human population by way of contaminated polio vaccines. In fact, according to Robert Gallo, an expert on the AIDS virus, some versions of the SIV monkey virus are virtually indistinguishable from some human variants of HIV:” The monkey virus is the human virus. There are monkey viruses as close to isolates of HIV-2 as HIV-2 isolates are to each other.”
在1950年代,1960年代以及1970年代,病毒檢測(cè)技術(shù)還相當(dāng)粗糙不可靠,那時(shí)polio疫苗就開始生產(chǎn)并且臨床應(yīng)用了.直到1980年代,新的更為先進(jìn)的檢測(cè)過(guò)程才完善了.那時(shí)研究者發(fā)現(xiàn)大約50%的非洲綠猴—選擇用來(lái)制造polio病毒的靈長(zhǎng)類動(dòng)物—感染了猿類免疫缺陷病毒(SIV),這種病毒跟人類的免疫缺陷病毒(HIV,導(dǎo)致AIDS的傳染媒)有很大的關(guān)系.這一情況引起了一些研究者懷疑HIV病毒也許只不過(guò)是”宿于并適應(yīng)人體宿主”的SIV病毒.這也引起了另一些研究者懷疑一旦SIV通過(guò)受到污染的polio疫苗進(jìn)入人群,也許就已經(jīng)變種成了HIV.實(shí)際上,根據(jù)AIDS病毒專家Robert Gallo說(shuō),有些形式的SIV猴類病毒在實(shí)踐上根本無(wú)法與一些人類HIV病毒的變種區(qū)分.”猴類病毒就是人類病毒.有些猴類病毒跟HIV-2分離菌之間的接近關(guān)系與HIV-2分離菌之間的接近關(guān)系一般無(wú)二.”
Today’s Vaccine: Despite the polio vaccine’s long history of animal-virus contamination, today’s inactivated shot is manufactured in much the same way as earlier versions:” The viruses are grown in cultures of a continuous line of monkey kidney cells…supplemented with newborn calf serum…” The vaccine also contains two antibiotics (neomycin and streptomycin) plus formaldehyde. In Canada, the inactivated polio vaccine is produced in human fetal tissue. In other parts of the world, new highly virulent strains of polio—caused by mutations and “recombinations” within the oral polio vaccine—are inducing unprecedented outbreaks of paralysis and death.
今天的疫苗:暫且不管polio疫苗那”悠久”的動(dòng)物病毒污染史,今天的非活性注射劑的制造和早期的形式非常相似.”病毒在猴腎細(xì)胞的連續(xù)生產(chǎn)線上生長(zhǎng)…再補(bǔ)以小牛免疫血清來(lái)加強(qiáng)…”疫苗還含有兩種抗生素(新霉素和鏈霉素)以及甲醛.在加拿大,非活性polio疫苗是在人類胎兒組織上生產(chǎn)的.在世界的其他地方,高病毒性的polio菌株(在口服polio疫苗中變種以及重新組織而來(lái))正在誘導(dǎo)出空前的癱瘓和死亡的爆發(fā).


TETANUS
破傷風(fēng)

  Tetanus is a non-contagious bacterial disease that causes severe muscular contractions. It is also called lockjaw because some victims are unable to open their mouths or swallow. Other symptoms include depression, headaches, and spasms that interfere with breathing.
Tetanus(破傷風(fēng))是一種能夠引起嚴(yán)重的肌肉萎縮的非傳染性細(xì)菌疾病.它也叫l(wèi)ockjaw(牙關(guān)緊閉癥).因?yàn)橛行┑昧诉@種病的病患不能張開嘴巴以及吞咽.其他癥狀還有精神萎靡不振,頭痛以及呼吸時(shí)伴隨的痙攣.
Tetanus is caused by toxins produced by a bacterium called Clostridium tetani. The dormant germs (spores) live in soil, dust, and manure. They can enter the body through cuts and puncture wounds, but will only multiply in an anaerobic (oxygen-free) environment. The incubation period, from the time of the injury until the first symptoms appear, ranges from a few days to three weeks. However, careful attention to wound hygiene will eliminate the possibility of tetanus in most cases. Deep puncture wounds and wounds with a lot of dead tissue should be thoroughly cleaned and not allowed to close until healing has occurred beneath the skin.
Tetanus是由一種叫Clostridium tetani的細(xì)菌產(chǎn)生的毒素引起的.這種隱蔽的微生物(孢子)生活在土壤,灰塵以及肥料里.他們能夠通過(guò)割開的以及刺破的傷口進(jìn)入人體,但是只能夠在無(wú)氧環(huán)境下繁殖.潛伏期從幾天到三周不等(潛伏期為出現(xiàn)傷口到第一次癥狀的出現(xiàn)為止).然而,在多數(shù)情況下,很好地注意了傷口的衛(wèi)生就會(huì)消除發(fā)生tetanus的可能.刺得很深的傷口以及有很多死組織的傷口需要徹底清潔,并且直到皮下組織開始愈合的時(shí)候才能縫合傷口.
A tetanus toxoid vaccine became available in 1933. A tetanus immune globulin (TIG) injection—an antitoxin—is also available.
1933年就有了一種類毒素tetanus疫苗.現(xiàn)在tetanus免疫蛋白球(TIG)注射劑也有了(一種抗毒素).
This shot may be administered to persons with low tetanus antibody levels (including unvaccinated individuals) shortly after a serious wound occurs. This injection introduces tetanus-fighting antibodies directly into the body. The antibody levels achieved with TIG are often adequate to defend against the disease.
在發(fā)生嚴(yán)重創(chuàng)傷之后,這種注射劑也許有利于自身抗體水平較低的人(包括沒有免疫的個(gè)人).這種注射劑將抵抗tetanus的抗體直接注進(jìn)人體內(nèi).由tetanus免疫蛋白球(TIG)得到的抗體水平通常足以抵抗疾病.
Findings: During the mid-1800s, there were 205 cases of tetanus per 100,000 wounds among U.S. military personnel. By the early 1900s, this rate had declined to 16 cases per 100,000 wounds—a 92 percent reduction. During the mid-1940s, the incidence of tetanus dropped even further to .44 cases per 100,000 wounds. Some researchers attribute this decline to an increased attention to wound hygiene.
結(jié)論:在1800年代中期,在美國(guó)軍隊(duì)人員中每100,000例傷口有205例tetanus發(fā)生.在1900年代早期,這一比率已經(jīng)減少到每100,000例中有16例—降低了92%.在1940年代中期,tetanus的發(fā)生率甚至降到了每100,000例傷口中只有0.44例.一些研究人員將這一降低的情況歸功于對(duì)傷口衛(wèi)生的護(hù)理更為注意了.
Today, authorities claim that tetanus infects about 500,000 people each year worldwide, primarily in developing countries. However, in the United States, from 1990 to 1999 (a 10-year period), there were a total of 473 cases of tetanus—an average of 47 cases per year. Of these, 70 died—about seven people per year. The case-fatality rate was 15 percent (Figure7). In Australia, there are about 10 cases of tetanus per year with a case-fatality rate of 10 percent. In Canada, there have been about five cases of tetanus annually in recent years, with no deaths recorded since 1991.
今天,權(quán)威人士宣稱每年在世界范圍內(nèi)tetanus感染了大約500,000個(gè)人,主要是在發(fā)展中國(guó)家.然而,從1990年到1999年(10年期)美國(guó)總共有473例tetus,平均每年47例.在這些病例中,70人死亡,大約每年7人.致死病例比率為15%(圖7).在澳大利亞,每年大約有10例tetanus,其中10%死亡.在加拿大,最近幾年每年大約有5例tetanus,自從1990年以來(lái)就沒有死亡記錄.
During the 1970s and 1980s, approximately 70 percent of all cases of tetanus in the United States, and 80 percent of all cases in Australia, occurred in adults over the age of 50 years. About 95 percent of all tetanus fatalities occurred in this age group. Only five percent of tetanus cases in the U.S. were in persons less than 20 years of age, and these were rarely fatal.
在1970年代和1980年代期間, 在所有tetanus病例中美國(guó)大約有70%,澳大利亞有80%發(fā)生在超過(guò)50歲的成人中.所有致死的tetanus中大約95%發(fā)生在這個(gè)年齡的人群中.在美國(guó)只有5%的tetanus病例發(fā)生在小于20歲的人中,并且很少死亡.
During the 1990s, the percentage of cases among persons aged 25-59 years increased. For example, in 1999 there were 40 cases of tetanus. Five cases (12.5 percent) were in persons older than 59 years; 22 cases (55 percent) were among persons aged 25-59 years. Seven of the 22 cases in this age group occurred in intravenous drug users; two of these cases were fatal.
在1990年代期間,在25到59歲之間的病例的百分率發(fā)生了增長(zhǎng).例如,1999年有40例tetanus.5例(12.5%)發(fā)生在超過(guò)59歲的人中;22例(55%)發(fā)生在25到59歲的人中.這個(gè)年齡群中22例有7例是靜脈毒品使用者;這些病例中有兩例死亡.
Numerous studies and case reports have linked the tetanus vaccine to severe and even fatal reactions, including neurological and paralytic disorders such as Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS), demyelinating diseases, arthritis, joint inflammation, anaphylactic shock, and other life-threatening allergic reactions.
許多研究和病例報(bào)告將tetanus疫苗和嚴(yán)重甚至致命的反應(yīng)聯(lián)系起來(lái),包括諸如Guillain-Barre綜合癥(GBS)這種神經(jīng)和麻痹紊亂癥,神經(jīng)脫髓鞘疾病,關(guān)節(jié)炎,過(guò)敏性休克以及其他危及生命的過(guò)敏性反應(yīng).
The New England Journal of Medicine published a study showing that tetanus booster vaccinations cause T-lymphocyte blood count ratios to drop below normal. The greatest decrease occurred up to two weeks later. The authors of the study noted that these altered ratios are similar to those found in victims of HIV/AIDS. Even a brief suppression of normal T-lymphocyte ratios is undesirable, and may be the underlying cause of at least one immunological disorder found in infants.
新英格蘭醫(yī)學(xué)期刊公布了一個(gè)研究結(jié)果,該結(jié)果表明tetanus強(qiáng)化疫苗引起T淋巴細(xì)胞血球計(jì)數(shù)比率降到低于正常水平.一直到兩周后,這個(gè)比率降低得最大.該研究的研究者指出,這些改變了的比率與HIV/AIDS病人的情況很相似.甚至?xí)簳r(shí)的正常T淋巴細(xì)胞血球計(jì)數(shù)比率受到抑制都讓人很不舒服,并且這也許是至少一種嬰兒中發(fā)現(xiàn)的免疫紊亂的潛在原因.
In 1994, The U.S. Institute of Medicine (IOM) corroborated a causal relationship between tetanus toxoid, brachial neuritis, and Guillain-Barre syndrome. The IOM also reported on several cases of anaphylactic reactions—severe, life-threatening allergic responses resulting in swelling of the mouth, inability to breathe, shock, collapse, or death—within four hours of tetanus vaccine injections.
1994年,美國(guó)醫(yī)藥研究所(IOM)確證了tetanus類毒素,手臂神經(jīng)炎以及Guillain-Barre綜合癥之間的因果關(guān)系.IOM還報(bào)告了幾例在注射tetanus疫苗四小時(shí)之內(nèi)發(fā)生的過(guò)敏性反應(yīng).這些過(guò)敏性反應(yīng)會(huì)導(dǎo)致嘴巴腫脹,不能呼吸,休克,虛脫或者死亡這些嚴(yán)重的,致命的變態(tài)反應(yīng).
In 1997, Epidemiology published a study comparing asthma and allergy rates in unvaccinated children versus children who received a vaccine containing tetanus. None of the unvaccinated children had recorded asthma episodes or consultations for asthma or other allergic illnesses before age 10 years. In the vaccinated children, 23 percent had asthma episodes and asthma consultations, while 30 percent had consultations for other allergic illnesses. Similar differences were observed at 5 and 16 years of age.
1997年,流行病學(xué)公布了一個(gè)比較未接種疫苗的兒童和接種過(guò)tetanus疫苗的兒童中發(fā)生哮喘和過(guò)敏性反應(yīng)的比率.沒有接種的兒童在10歲前沒有發(fā)作哮喘或者治療過(guò)哮喘或者其他過(guò)敏性疾病的記錄.在接種過(guò)的兒童中,23%的兒童發(fā)作過(guò)哮喘并且治療過(guò)哮喘,并且30%的治療過(guò)其他過(guò)敏性疾病.在5歲以及16歲年齡的兒童中也能發(fā)現(xiàn)類似的情況.
In 2000, a new study in the Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics confirmed earlier findings that children who receive DPT or tetanus vaccines are significantly more likely to develop a “history of asthma” or other “allergy-related respiratory symptoms” than those who remain unvaccinated. The study was conducted from 1988 to 1994 and included data from nearly 14,000 infants, children, and adolescents, aged two months to 16 years. A children who received the DPT or tetanus vaccination was 50 percent more likely to experience severe allergic reactions 80 percent more likely to experience sinusitis, and twice as likely to develop asthma. In fact, the authors of the study calculated that “Fifty percent of diagnosed asthma cases (2.93 million) in U.S. children and adolescents would be prevented if the DPT or tetanus vaccination was not administered. Similarly, 45 percent of sinusitis cases (4.94 million) and 54 percent of allergy-related episodes of nose and eye symptoms (10.54 million) in a 12-month period would be prevented after discontinuation of the vaccine.”
2000年,<行為和生理療法期刊>的最新研究成果證實(shí)早期的一些發(fā)現(xiàn)—接種了DPT或者tetanus疫苗的小孩比起那些沒有接種過(guò)的小孩更加容易有”哮喘史”或者其他”呼吸過(guò)敏性反應(yīng)”.該研究從1988年到1994年間進(jìn)行,包括了近14,000個(gè)嬰兒,小孩以及青少年,年齡跨度從2個(gè)月到16歲.一個(gè)接種了DPT或者tetanus的小孩多出50%的可能經(jīng)歷嚴(yán)重的過(guò)敏反應(yīng),多出80%可能經(jīng)歷竇炎,多出兩倍的可能性得哮喘.實(shí)際上,從事該研究的人員計(jì)算出” 如果不接種DPT或者tetanus疫苗的話,在美國(guó)診斷出來(lái)的小孩以及青少年的哮喘中(2.93百萬(wàn))50%可以預(yù)防.同樣地,在為期12個(gè)月內(nèi)的45%的竇炎病例(4.94百萬(wàn))以及54%的與鼻子和眼睛綜合癥相關(guān)的敏感事件(10.54百萬(wàn))在不使用疫苗之后將會(huì)停止發(fā)生.”


MEASLES
麻疹

Measles is a contagious disease caused by a virus that affects the respiratory system, skin, and eyes. Symptoms include a high fever, cough, runny nose, sore, red and sensitive eyes. Small pink spots with gray-white centers develop inside the mouth. Itchy pink spots break out on the face and spread over the body. Symptoms usually disappear after one to two weeks. Treatment mainly consists of allowing the disease to run its course.
Measles（麻疹)是一種由侵襲呼吸系統(tǒng)，皮膚以及眼睛的病毒引起的接觸傳染病。癥狀包括高燒，咳嗽，流鼻涕，嗓子疼以及眼睛發(fā)紅且過(guò)敏。在嘴巴里有小的中心灰白的粉紅色點(diǎn)。臉上令人發(fā)癢的粉紅色點(diǎn)潰爛并傳遍了周身。癥狀通常在一到兩周之后消失。治療方式主要就是任疾病按常規(guī)發(fā)展。
Prior to the 1960s, most children in the United States and Canada caught measles. Complications from the disease were unlikely. Previously healthy children usually recovered without incident. However, measles can be dangerous in populations newly exposed to the virus, and in malnourished children living in undeveloped countries. In advanced countries, measles can be severe when it infects people living in impoverished communities with poor nutrition, sanitation, and inadequate health care. Complications are also more likely when the disease strikes infants, adults, and anyone with a compromised immune system. (Several studies show that when patients with measles are given vitamin A supplements, their complication rates and chances of dying are significantly reduced.)
在1960年代之前,多數(shù)美國(guó)和加拿大的兒童都得過(guò)麻疹.該病的并發(fā)癥各不相同.病前健康的兒童通常沒什么大事就恢復(fù)了.然而,麻疹在新接觸該病毒的人群以及不發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家的營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良兒童中很危險(xiǎn).在發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家的毫無(wú)營(yíng)養(yǎng),衛(wèi)生條件差并且沒有充足醫(yī)療條件的赤貧社區(qū),麻疹的感染也很危險(xiǎn).在該病攻擊嬰兒,成人以及任何免疫系統(tǒng)不好的人的時(shí)候,并發(fā)癥也非常相似.(幾個(gè)研究表明,在麻疹病人服用了維生素A之后,他們的并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率以及死亡率大大減少.)
Doctors and other health authorities often try to frighten parents by exaggerating the risks. For example, vaccine pamphlets published by the CDC claim that 1 out of every 1000 children who contract measles will get encephalitis, an infection of the brain. However, Dr. Robert Mendelsohn, renowned pediatrician and vaccine researcher, had this to say:” The incidence of 1/1000 may be accurate for children who live in conditions of poverty and malnutrition” but for just about everyone else “the incidence of true encephalitis is probably more like 1/10,000 or 1/100,000.” Furthermore, about 75 percent of these cases will not show evidence of brain damage.
醫(yī)生以及其他健康專家經(jīng)常通過(guò)夸大風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的方法來(lái)嚇唬家長(zhǎng).例如,CDC發(fā)布的疫苗手冊(cè)宣稱每1000個(gè)感染了麻疹的兒童中就有一個(gè)會(huì)得腦炎(一種腦部感染).然而, Robert Mendelsohn博士(著名的兒科醫(yī)生以及疫苗研究者)說(shuō):”1/1000的發(fā)生率對(duì)于住在貧窮和缺乏營(yíng)養(yǎng)條件下的兒童來(lái)說(shuō)是準(zhǔn)確的.”但是對(duì)于其他每個(gè)人來(lái)說(shuō),”真正腦炎的腦炎發(fā)生率更可能是1/10,000或者1/100,000.”更何況,75%的這些病例也不會(huì)有腦子損壞的跡象.
Before the 1960s, most children in the U.S. caught measles. In 1963, a team of scientists, headed by American researcher John Enders, created a measles vaccine. Mass inoculations soon followed.
在1960年代之前,絕大多數(shù)在美國(guó)的兒童得過(guò)麻疹.1963年,一個(gè)由美國(guó)研究員John Enders領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的科學(xué)家團(tuán)隊(duì)發(fā)明了一種麻疹疫苗.大量的注射接種不久就開始了.
Findings: A significant decline in measles began long before the vaccine was introduced. From 1958 to 1962, the number of cases toppled by 38 percent. The death rate tumbled on its own even more. In 1900, there were 13.3 measles deaths in the United States per 100,000 population. By 1955, eight years before the first measles shot, the death rate had declined on its own by 97.7 percent to .03 deaths per 100,000. Figures published in International Mortality Statistics confirm this reduction: from 1915 to 1958, the measles death rate in the U.S. and U.K. declined by 98 percent (Figure 8).
結(jié)論:麻疹在疫苗應(yīng)用之前很長(zhǎng)一段時(shí)間就開始顯著降低了.從1958年到1962年,病例減少了38%.死亡率下降得更多.1900年,在美國(guó)每100,000人口中有13.3例麻疹死亡病例.1955年(在初次麻疹注射前八年),死亡率已經(jīng)降低了97.7%,降到每100,000例中僅有0.03例死亡.在<國(guó)際死亡率統(tǒng)計(jì)>發(fā)表的數(shù)據(jù)中已經(jīng)證實(shí)了這一減少的事實(shí):1915年到1958年,在美國(guó)和英國(guó)的麻疹死亡率降低了98%(圖8).
The measles vaccine does not confer permanent immunity. Epidemics regularly occur in vaccinated populations. Dr. William Atkinson, senior epidemiologist with the CDC, admitted that “measles transmission has been clearly documented among vaccinated persons. In some large outbreaks…over 95 percent of cases have a history of vaccination.” In fact, according to the World Health Organization (WHO), the chances are about 15 times greater that measles will be contracted by those vaccinated against the disease than by those who are left alone.
麻疹疫苗沒有提供永久的免疫性.在接種的人口中傳染病還是有規(guī)律地發(fā)生. CDC的高級(jí)流行病學(xué)家William Atkinson博士承認(rèn)”接種人群中的麻疹傳播已經(jīng)清楚地記載下來(lái).在一些大爆發(fā)中…超過(guò)95%的病例都有過(guò)疫苗接種史.”實(shí)際上,根據(jù)世界衛(wèi)生組織的說(shuō)法,那些接種過(guò)抗麻疹病疫苗的人得麻疹得幾率比沒有接種的高15倍.
The medical literature is replete with documented vaccine failures. For example, In 1988, 69 percent of all school-aged children in the U.S. who contracted measles were vaccinated. In 1989, 89 percent of all school-aged measles victims in the U.S. had been vaccinated. In 1995, 56 percent of all measles cases in the U.S. occurred in people who were previously vaccinated (Figure 9).
醫(yī)學(xué)文獻(xiàn)充滿了疫苗失敗的記錄.例如,1988年美國(guó)所有感染了麻疹的學(xué)齡兒童的68%都接種過(guò)疫苗.1989年這一數(shù)字是89%.1955年,美國(guó)所有麻疹病例的56%發(fā)生在以前接種過(guò)的人群中(圖9).
In 1996, this pattern persisted: measles outbreaks occurred primarily among children who had prior vaccinations. And in 1999, the CDC continued to document numerous cases of measles in previously vaccinated individuals.
1996年,這種情況還在繼續(xù):麻疹的爆發(fā)主要發(fā)生在之前已經(jīng)接種過(guò)疫苗的兒童中.1999年,CDC繼續(xù)記載了大量接種過(guò)疫苗但卻得了麻疹的個(gè)人病例.
The measles vaccine has a long history of causing serious adverse reactions. The pharmaceutical company responsible for producing the measles vaccine publishes an extensive list of ailments known to have occurred following the shot. Severe afflictions affecting nearly every body system—blood, lymphatic, digestive, cardiovascular, immune, nervous, respiratory, and sensory—have been linked to this “preventive” inoculation. These include: encephalitis, subacute sclerosing panencephalitis, Guillain-Barre syndrome, febrile and afebrile convulsions, seizures, ataxia, ocular palsies, anaphylaxis, angioneurotic edema, bronchial spasms, panniculitis, vasculitis, atypical measles, thrombocytopenia, lymphadenopathy, leukocytosis, pneumonitis, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, erythema multiforme, urticaria, deafness, otitis media, retinitis, optic neuritis, rash, fever, dizziness, headache, and death. A recent study in Lancet found a link between this vaccine and bowel disease. People who received the measles vaccine were 2+1/2 times more likely to develop ulcerative colitis and three times more likely to develop Crohn’s disease when compared to unvaccinated controls (Figure 10).
麻疹疫苗有很長(zhǎng)的引起嚴(yán)重逆反應(yīng)的歷史.負(fù)責(zé)生產(chǎn)麻疹疫苗的醫(yī)藥公司公布了一個(gè)廣泛的在接種疫苗之后發(fā)生的疾病的清單.由于注射了這種”預(yù)防性”疫苗,嚴(yán)重的病痛影響了幾乎每個(gè)身體系統(tǒng)—血液,淋巴,消化,心臟,免疫,神經(jīng),呼吸以及感官系統(tǒng).這些疾病包括:腦炎,亞急性硬化全腦炎,Guillain-barre綜合癥,發(fā)熱以及無(wú)熱的抽搐,驚厥,非典型麻疹,血小板減少,淋巴結(jié)病,白細(xì)胞增多,肺炎, Stevens-Johnson綜合癥,紅斑,風(fēng)疹,耳聾,耳炎,視網(wǎng)膜炎,視神經(jīng)炎,皮疹,發(fā)燒,頭昏眼花,頭痛以及死亡.最近<柳葉刀>的一個(gè)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)了疫苗和腸子疾病之間的關(guān)系.接種了麻疹疫苗的人比起沒有接種的人多出二又二分之一倍的得潰瘍性結(jié)腸炎的可能性,多出三倍的得Crohn病的可能性.
The measles vaccine dramatically altered distribution of the disease by shifting incidence rates from age-groups unlikely to experience problems (children 5 to 9 years old) to age-groups most likely to suffer from severe complications (infants, teenagers, and adults). Before the vaccine was introduced, it was extremely rare for an infant to contract measles. However, by the 1990s more than 25 percent of all measles cases were occurring in babies under a year of age. CDC officials admit this situation is likely to get worse, and attribute it to the growing number of mothers who were vaccinated during the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s. (When natural immunity is denied, moms can no longer pass protective maternal antibodies to their babies.) In 1999, Pediatrics confirmed that infants of mothers born after 1963 are 7+1/2 times more likely to contract the disease than infants of mothers born earlier.
麻疹疫苗戲劇性地通過(guò)轉(zhuǎn)移疾病發(fā)生率,改變了疾病的分布,將最不可能有大毛病的年齡群(5到9歲大)變成了最可能導(dǎo)致嚴(yán)重并發(fā)癥的年齡群(嬰兒,青少年以及成人).在疫苗應(yīng)用之前,很少有嬰兒感染麻疹.然而,到1990年代為止,在所有麻疹病例中有超過(guò)25%的病例發(fā)生在小于1歲的嬰兒身上.CDC的官方人員也承認(rèn)這一形勢(shì)可能會(huì)變得更糟,并將這一情況歸結(jié)于這些數(shù)目不斷增長(zhǎng)的媽媽,她們?cè)?960年代,1970年代,1980年代接種了疫苗.(當(dāng)自然免疫被壓制之后,媽媽們不再能夠傳遞母體的預(yù)防性抗體給她們的孩子.)1999年,<兒科>證實(shí)如果母親在1963年后出生,比起1963年之前出生的母親,他們的孩子有多出七又二分之一的可能性傳染上該疾病.
The risk of measles-related pneumonia and liver abnormalities is greater in adolescent and young adult age-groups. According to a study in the Journal of Infectious Diseases, such complications have increased by as much as 20 percent. The risk of death from measles is also much higher for infants and adults than for children.
麻疹引起的肺炎以及肝功能異常的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)在青少年以及年齡較輕的大人這兩種年齡群中較大.根據(jù)<傳染病期刊>的研究結(jié)果,這些綜合癥已經(jīng)增長(zhǎng)了20%之多.相較于兒童來(lái)說(shuō), 嬰兒以及成人得麻疹的死亡危險(xiǎn)更高.
The following excerpt is from a statement made by a mother testifying before Congress (Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Health and the Environment) regarding vaccine injury compensation:
以下摘錄來(lái)自于有關(guān)疫苗傷害賠償?shù)呐銓張F(tuán)前的一個(gè)母親的證詞綜述(<健康和環(huán)境小組委員會(huì)前的親聆>)
“My name is Wendy Scholl. I reside in the state of Florida with my husband, Gary, and three daughters, Stacy, Holly, and Jackie. Let me stress that all three of our daughters were born healthy, normal babies. I am here to tell of Stacy’s reaction to the measles vaccine…where according to the medical profession, anything within 7 to 10 days after the vaccine to do with neurological sequelae or seizures or brain damage fits a measles reaction…
“我叫Wendy Scholl.我和我丈夫Gary以及三個(gè)女兒Stacy, Holly和Jackie住在Florida州.我要強(qiáng)調(diào)一下,我們所有三個(gè)女兒出生的時(shí)候都是健康正常的嬰兒.在這里我想講述一下Stacy對(duì)麻疹疫苗的反應(yīng)…根據(jù)醫(yī)學(xué)專業(yè)的說(shuō)法,在接種疫苗7到10天內(nèi)的任何與神經(jīng)后遺癥或者痙攣或者腦部損傷都是麻疹反應(yīng)…
“At 16 months old, Stacy received her measles shot. She was a happy, healthy, normal baby, typical, curious, playful until the 10th day after her shot when I walked into her room to find her laying in her crib, flat on her stomach, her head twisted to one side. Her eyes were glassy and affixed.
“在16個(gè)月大的時(shí)候, Stacy注射了麻疹疫苗.直到她注射后的第10天,她還是一個(gè)幸福,健康,正常的嬰兒,跟一般嬰兒一樣好奇,喜歡玩耍.此后在我走進(jìn)她房間的時(shí)候,發(fā)現(xiàn)她躺在嬰兒床上,胃部伸得很平,頭扭到了一邊.眼神癡呆.
“She was panting, struggling to breathe. Her small head lay in a pool of blood that hung from her mouth. It was a terrifying sight, yet at that point I didn’t realize that my happy, bouncing baby was never to be the same again.
“她不斷掙扎著喘氣.小腦袋躺在一灘從她嘴里流出來(lái)的血水中.這幕場(chǎng)景把我嚇傻了,然而那時(shí)我沒有意識(shí)到我幸福而活潑的寶寶再也不會(huì)想以往一樣了.
“When we arrived at the emergency room, Stacy’s temperature was 107 degrees. The first four days of Stacy’s hospital stay she battled for life. She was in a coma and had kidney failure. Her lungs filled with fluid and she had ongoing seizures.
“當(dāng)我們達(dá)到急救室的時(shí)候,Stacy的體溫是107華氏度.在Stacy住院的前四天她一直在死亡邊沿掙扎.她昏迷不醒并且腎衰竭.她的肺充滿了液體并且她不斷發(fā)生痙攣.
“Her diagnosis was ‘post-vaccinal encephalitis’ and her prognosis was grave. She was paralyzed on her left side, prone to seizures, had visual problems. However, we were told by doctors we were extremely lucky. I didn’t feel lucky.
“她的診斷是’疫苗后腦炎’并且預(yù)后很不好.她左邊癱瘓掉了,容易驚厥,有視覺問(wèn)題.然而,醫(yī)生告訴我說(shuō)我們還非常幸運(yùn).我卻一點(diǎn)都不覺得幸運(yùn).
“We were horrified that this vaccine which was given only to ensure that she would have a safer childhood, almost killed her. I didn’t know that the possibility of this type of reaction even existed. But now, it is our reality.”
“我們被這種疫苗嚇壞了,我們用它是為了確保孩子有一個(gè)更加安康的童年,然而卻幾乎要了她的命.我甚至不知道這種反應(yīng)存在的可能性.但是現(xiàn)在,這就是我們的現(xiàn)實(shí)情況.”


MUMPS
腮腺炎

Mumps is a contagious disease caused by a virus. The illness begins with a fever, headache, muscle aches, and fatigue. Salivary glands beneath the ears along the jaw line become swollen. In some instances, testicles, ovaries, and female breasts may also swell.
腮腺炎是一種由病毒引起的傳染性疾病.疾病開始的時(shí)候是發(fā)燒,頭痛,肌肉痛以及疲乏.沿著顎線的耳下的唾腺腫大.在有些病例中,睪丸,卵巢以及女性乳房也許也腫大.
Treatment mainly consists of allowing the disease to run its course. Medical intervention is seldom required. Symptoms usually disappear within a week. The disease confers permanent immunity; the infected person will not contract it again.
治療方式主要是任由疾病正常發(fā)展.很少需要醫(yī)藥干涉.癥狀通常在一周內(nèi)消失.疾病提供了永久的免疫能力;受到感染的人不會(huì)再感染這種疾病.
Findings: Mumps is a relatively harmless disease when it is experienced in childhood. Complications are uncommon but can be much more severe when they occur in teenagers and adults.
結(jié)論:當(dāng)在孩童的時(shí)候得腮腺炎,此時(shí)這種疾病相對(duì)不那么有危害.當(dāng)腮腺炎發(fā)生在青少年以及大人身上時(shí),盡管并發(fā)癥很少發(fā)生,但是癥狀比孩童時(shí)候更為嚴(yán)重.
For example, orchitis (inflammation of the testes) occurs in about 20 percent of mumps cases in post-pubescent males. This has caused some authorities to claim mumps will prevent a man from fathering children. However, orchitis usually affects only one testicle; sterility from the ailment is extremely rare.
例如,在青春期后得了腮腺炎的男性中大概有20%并發(fā)睪丸炎.這一情況使得一些權(quán)威人士宣稱如果一個(gè)男的得了腮腺炎,他就不能生小孩.然而,睪丸炎通常只影響一個(gè)睪丸;由于這種疾病導(dǎo)致不育的情況是非常少的.
Mumps has also been associated with transient meningitis, temporary hearing loss, and inflammation of the ovaries. Full recovery without complications usually follows in a few days. Permanent sequelae, including deaths from mumps, are very rare. For example, one mumps-related death was reported in 1991.
腮腺炎據(jù)說(shuō)也與暫時(shí)的腦膜炎,短暫的失去聽力以及卵巢發(fā)炎有關(guān).完全恢復(fù)并且沒有任何并發(fā)癥通常需要幾天時(shí)間.永久的后遺癥(包括死亡)非常少.例如,1991年報(bào)告了一例由腮腺炎導(dǎo)致的死亡病例.
During the early 1980s, there were about 4000 cases per year. In 1995, there were less than 1000 documented cases in the U.S. However, artificial immunity conferred by the mumps vaccine does not last. Studies show substantial numbers of cases of mumps among persons previously vaccinated against the disease. For example, in 1987 there was an outbreak of mumps in Minnesota schools; 632 of the 769 cases (82 percent) were in previously vaccinated students. That same year, 119 stockbrokers at the Chicago futures stock exchange contracted mumps “following an intensified push for mumps vaccination.” And in 1991, there was an outbreak of mumps in Tennessee schools; 67 of the 68 cases (99 percent) were in previously vaccinated students.
在1980年代早期,每年大約有4000例腮腺炎.1995年,美國(guó)只有不到1000例的記載.然而,由腮腺炎疫苗提供的人為免疫性并不能持久.有研究表明,以前接種過(guò)腮腺炎疫苗的人中間也有不少腮腺炎病例.例如,1987年在Minnesota學(xué)校就爆發(fā)了腮腺炎;769個(gè)患者中有632個(gè)(82%)是以前接種過(guò)疫苗的學(xué)生.在同一年,芝加哥期貨證券交易所的119名股票經(jīng)紀(jì)人在”接種了一種加強(qiáng)型腮腺炎疫苗之后”感染了腮腺炎.在1991年,在田納西學(xué)校爆發(fā)了腮腺炎;68個(gè)學(xué)生中有67個(gè)(99%)以前接種過(guò)疫苗.
Prior to the introduction of the mumps vaccine, most children under 10 years of age contracted mumps. However, the mumps vaccine shifted incidence rates from young children to teenagers and adults. Mumps in young children is a mild, benign disease. It is a more serious disease when contracted by older age groups.
在腮腺炎疫苗應(yīng)用之前,大多數(shù)在10歲以下的小孩感染了腮腺炎.然而,腮腺炎疫苗將發(fā)生率從幼兒轉(zhuǎn)移到了青少年以及成人.幼兒的腮腺炎是一種溫和而良性的疾病.當(dāng)年齡大點(diǎn)的人群感染了這種疾病之后就更為嚴(yán)重了.
From 1967 to 1971, before the mumps vaccine was put into general use, 92 percent of all cases occurred in persons 14 years of age or younger. Just eight percent of cases occurred in teenagers 15 years of age or older. By 1987, several years after the vaccine was being administered on a national scale, 38 percent of all cases were occurring in this older age group.
在1967年到1971年間(腮腺炎大量使用之前),所有病例中的92%發(fā)生在14歲或者更小的人身上.只有8%的病例發(fā)生在15歲或者更大的青少年身上.到1987年為止(這個(gè)時(shí)間是疫苗在全國(guó)范圍內(nèi)大量使用幾年之后),所有病例中的38%發(fā)生在這個(gè)更大的年齡群中.
The drug company that produces the mumps vaccine publishes an extensive list of ailments known to have occurred following the mumps or MMR (measles, mumps, and rubella) shot. These include aseptic meningitis, encephalitis, orchitis, diabetes mellitus, parotitis (the technical name for mumps), anaphylaxis, and death.
生產(chǎn)腮腺炎疫苗的醫(yī)藥公司公布了一個(gè)接種了腮腺炎或者M(jìn)MR(麻疹,腮腺炎以及風(fēng)疹)疫苗之后可能發(fā)生的全面的疾病清單.這些疾病有無(wú)菌性腦膜炎,腦炎,睪丸炎,糖尿病,腮腺炎,過(guò)敏性反應(yīng)以及死亡.
In 1986, researchers published data on several children who developed diabetes 2 to 4 weeks after mumps vaccination. By 1990, several new cases of diabetes within 30 days following vaccination were reported. In 1991, scientists reported a case of Type-1 diabetes occurring five months following mumps vaccination. That same year, other researchers documented several cases of diabetes and pancreatitis after mumps vaccination. In 1992, 180 European doctors jointly noted that the mumps vaccine “can trigger diabetes, which only becomes apparent months after vaccination.” That same year, the New England Journal of Medicine published data confirming that viruses are capable of triggering diabetes. Today, the U.S. government continues to receive reports of diabetes following receipt of the MMR vaccine.
1986年,研究員公布了接種腮腺炎2到4周之后發(fā)生了糖尿病的小孩的數(shù)據(jù).1990年,報(bào)告了在接種疫苗之后30天的發(fā)生了糖尿病的幾個(gè)新病例.1991年,科學(xué)家報(bào)告了一例接種腮腺炎疫苗之后五個(gè)月發(fā)生了1型糖尿病的病例.同一年,其他研究員也記載了幾例接種腮腺炎疫苗之后發(fā)生了糖尿病以及胰腺炎的病例.1992年,180名歐洲醫(yī)生聯(lián)名指出,腮腺炎疫苗”能引發(fā)糖尿病,而該病在接種疫苗之后幾個(gè)月才明顯起來(lái).”同一年,<新英格蘭醫(yī)藥期刊>公布了確證病毒能引發(fā)糖尿病的數(shù)據(jù).今天,美國(guó)政府繼續(xù)接收接種MMR疫苗發(fā)生糖尿病的報(bào)告.
In 1993, Lancet published data confirming aseptic meningitis as a well-recognized complication of mumps vaccine, with onset typically occurring 15 to 35 days after receiving the shot. That same year, Japan removed the MMR vaccine from the market because it was causing encephalitis in 1 of every 1044 people vaccinated. And in 1994, the U.S. Institute of Medicine acknowledged being able to isolate and identify the mumps vaccine-virus strain from neurologically impaired patients following vaccination. Aseptic meningitis was officially recognized as resulting from the mumps vaccine.
1993年,<柳葉刀>公布了確證無(wú)菌性腦炎是一種顯而易見的腮腺炎疫苗并發(fā)癥的數(shù)據(jù),這種疾病一般在接收疫苗注射之后的15到35天內(nèi)開始發(fā)作.同一年,日本將MMR疫苗從市場(chǎng)上撤除,因?yàn)樗�在�?044個(gè)人中就引起1個(gè)人發(fā)生腦炎.1994年,美國(guó)醫(yī)藥研究所承認(rèn)能夠從接種疫苗之后神經(jīng)受傷的病人身體中隔離并確認(rèn)出腮腺炎疫苗病毒.無(wú)菌性腦膜炎正式被認(rèn)為是由于腮腺炎疫苗導(dǎo)致的結(jié)果.


RUBELLA
風(fēng)疹

Rubella (or German Measles) is a contagious disease caused by a virus. Symptoms include a slight fever, rash, sore throat and runny nose. Lymph nodes on the back of the head, behind the ears, and on the side of the neck may become tender. In some instances, the joints may become painful and swollen.
風(fēng)疹是一種由病毒引起的接觸傳染性疾病.癥狀有輕微發(fā)燒,皮疹,喉嚨痛以及流鼻涕.腦后,耳后以及脖子的一側(cè)的淋巴結(jié)也許會(huì)變軟.在有些情況下,關(guān)節(jié)也許會(huì)變得又痛又腫.
Treatment mainly consists allowing the disease to run its course. Medical intervention is seldom required. Symptoms usually disappear within a few days. Most cases confer permanent immunity; rubella rarely infects the same person twice.
治療方式主要就是讓疾病正常發(fā)展.很少需要醫(yī)療干涉.通常幾天之后癥狀就消失了.大多數(shù)病例提供了永久得免疫性,風(fēng)疹很少兩次感染同一個(gè)人.

Findings: Rubella is essentially a tame disease when contracted by children. The illness is usually so mild it escapes detection or passes for a cold. However, if a pregnant woman develops the disease during the first trimester, her baby may be born with birth defects.
結(jié)論:當(dāng)小孩感染了風(fēng)疹之后,實(shí)際上它是非常溫和得疾病.這種病通常溫和到能夠漏過(guò)檢查或者被當(dāng)作普通感冒.然而,如果一個(gè)懷孕前三個(gè)月的婦女得了這個(gè)病,她的孩子也許出生的時(shí)候會(huì)有缺陷.
1969, the first live rubella virus vaccine was licensed in the Unites States. Several European countries, Canada, and Japan also introduced rubella vaccines around this time. In 1979, vaccine manufacturers started producing and distributing the Wistar RA27/3 strain of the live rubella virus “adapted to and propagated in WI-38 human diploid lung fibroblasts.” In common language, this vaccine originated from cell lines obtained from the tissue of aborted fetuses. This vaccine is still in use today.
1969年,第一個(gè)活性風(fēng)疹病毒疫苗在美國(guó)被許可臨床應(yīng)用.大約也是這個(gè)時(shí)候,幾個(gè)歐洲國(guó)家,加拿大以及日本也應(yīng)用了風(fēng)疹疫苗.1979年,疫苗制造商開始生產(chǎn)發(fā)布Wistar RA27/3(“適于并繁殖在WI-38人類雙倍肺纖維原細(xì)胞中”的活性風(fēng)疹菌株”).一般說(shuō)來(lái),這種疫苗產(chǎn)自流產(chǎn)胎兒的組織中獲得的細(xì)胞列中.這種疫苗至今仍在使用.
The drug company that produces the rubella vaccine publishes an extensive list of ailments known to have occurred following the rubella (or MMR) shot. These include arthritis, arthralgia, myalgia, Guillain-Barre syndrome, polyneuritis, polyneuropathy, anaphylaxis, and death. Several studies have documented these and other afflictions following rubella vaccination. For example, separate studies in Lancet and the Journal of Infectious Diseases documented “rubella-associated arthritis” and chronic arthritis in women following their rubella shots. Another study in Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases showed that 55 percent of women vaccinated against rubella developed arthritis or joint pain within four weeks (Figure 11).
生產(chǎn)風(fēng)疹疫苗的醫(yī)藥公司公布了接種風(fēng)疹(或者M(jìn)MR)注射劑之后可能發(fā)生的全面的疾病清單.這些疾病包括關(guān)節(jié)炎,關(guān)節(jié)痛,肌痛,Guillain-Barre綜合癥,多神經(jīng)炎,?,過(guò)敏性反應(yīng)以及死亡.幾個(gè)研究已經(jīng)記錄了這些疾病以及其他接種風(fēng)疹疫苗之后的痛苦.例如,<柳葉刀>以及<傳染病期刊>各自獨(dú)立的研究都記錄了婦女在接受風(fēng)疹疫苗注射之后發(fā)生了”風(fēng)疹相關(guān)的關(guān)節(jié)炎”以及慢性關(guān)節(jié)炎.<風(fēng)濕病年報(bào)>的另一個(gè)研究也表明55%接種了抗風(fēng)疹疫苗的婦女在四周內(nèi)得了關(guān)節(jié)炎或者關(guān)節(jié)痛(圖11).
Several researchers have documented correlations between the rubella vaccine and neurological disorders. Others have found a connection to diabetes. Additional studies have linked the rubella vaccine to Chronic Fatigue syndrome, a debilitating immune system disorder. According to the author of one study, “In countries that routinely immunize children with the new [rubella] vaccine, adults might be persistently reexposed to the more provocative antigens of the new vaccine due to respiratory secretions…” In other words, the rubella virus lingers in recently vaccinated children and can be spread to hypersensitive adults. Reinfection produces multiple viral antibodies resulting in “the characteristic symptoms in adult women who are over-represented in the patient population.” Thus, “the possible role of rubella immunization in the etiology of chronic fatigue syndromes deserves further study.”
幾個(gè)研究人員已經(jīng)記錄了風(fēng)疹疫苗和神經(jīng)紊亂的相關(guān)性.另外有些人發(fā)現(xiàn)了與糖尿病之間的聯(lián)系.還有些研究將風(fēng)疹疫苗和慢性疲勞綜合癥(一種神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)衰弱紊亂癥)聯(lián)系了起來(lái).據(jù)一個(gè)研究的人員說(shuō),”在那些給小孩使用新疫苗(風(fēng)疹疫苗)以提供一般性免疫能力的國(guó)家,成人也許會(huì)由于呼吸分泌物的緣故持久性地一再接觸更加具有侵略性的新疫苗抗原…”換句話說(shuō),風(fēng)疹病毒會(huì)留連在剛接種過(guò)的小孩身上并且會(huì)傳染給對(duì)這種病毒比較敏感的大人.再感染產(chǎn)生了大量屢過(guò)性病毒抗體并導(dǎo)致了”病例中占多數(shù)的成年婦女出現(xiàn)典型的癥狀.”因而,”風(fēng)疹免疫性在慢性疲勞癥中病源學(xué)的可能位置值得進(jìn)一步研究.”
The following excerpts typify the adverse possibilities:
以下摘錄代表了相反的結(jié)論:
“I am a nursing student. Within three weeks of taking the MMR vaccine I began feeling weak, tired, and sluggish. This leads to numbness in both hands and feet. I developed Guillain-Barre syndrome and was hospitalized for two months. I was unable to walk, had difficulty moving my upper extremities, suffered urinary and abdominal problems, partial facial paralysis, and I lost a substantial amount of weight. Previously, I was an active, healthy woman. My doctors do not know how I developed this syndrome.”
“我是一個(gè)學(xué)護(hù)理的學(xué)生.在接種MMR疫苗之后三個(gè)星期我開始感到很虛弱,疲勞,并且行動(dòng)遲緩.這導(dǎo)致了我雙手雙腳產(chǎn)生了麻痹.我接著得了Guillain-Barre綜合癥并且住院住了兩個(gè)月.我不能走路,移動(dòng)上肢很困難,產(chǎn)生了泌尿器官以及腹部問(wèn)題,部分面部癱瘓,并且我的體重減少了很多.以前我是一個(gè)活躍而健康的女人.我的醫(yī)生不知道我怎么會(huì)得這種綜合癥.”
“My child caught rubella two weeks after her MMR.”
“我的孩子在接種MMR之后的兩周內(nèi)得了風(fēng)疹.”
“After the birth of my daughter, my obstetrician recommended the MMR vaccine since I didn’t have antibodies. A week after the shot, a rash appeared all over my body. Two weeks later, I had severe joint pain which alternated from my knee to ankle to wrist. The joint pain lasted seven days, and then severe fatigue set in. My doctor immediately said this was not related to the vaccine.”
“我的女兒出生以后,由于我沒有抗體,我的產(chǎn)科醫(yī)生建議我接種MMR疫苗.接受注射之后的的第一周,我全身發(fā)了皮疹.兩周之后,我的膝蓋,足踝以及手腕等關(guān)節(jié)輪流發(fā)生嚴(yán)重的疼痛.關(guān)節(jié)痛持續(xù)了七天,并且我開始得嚴(yán)重的疲勞癥.我的醫(yī)生立即說(shuō)這跟疫苗沒有關(guān)系”
“I am a 57-year-old registered nurse who was, as a condition of employment, required to take an MMR. About 14 days later I developed a rash with lesions in my right eye, fever, and joint pain. My joint pain has not gone away but has become chronic, and sometimes unbearable. I have been put on a variety of drugs, which I have had terrible reactions to, and was even hospitalized for. I have been unable to work. I did file a worker’s compensation claim, which they are trying to deny.”
“我是一個(gè)57歲年齡的注冊(cè)護(hù)士,由于雇傭條件的條件限制我必須接種MMR.大約接種14天后,我得了皮疹,右眼受到損傷,發(fā)燒,關(guān)節(jié)痛.我的關(guān)節(jié)痛并沒有消失,而是變成了慢性的,有時(shí)候簡(jiǎn)直不能忍受.我曾經(jīng)服用了多種藥物,這些藥物我有特別厲害的反應(yīng),甚至有時(shí)候因此都住了院.我一直不能工作,我曾經(jīng)提起了用工補(bǔ)償申訴,他們卻不承認(rèn).”
Prior to the introduction of the rubella vaccine in 1969, thousands of cases of rubella circulated throughout society. Most children contracted the disease and developed permanent protection. As a result, about 85 percent of the adult population was naturally immune. After the vaccine was introduced, researchers began to notice that cases of the disease were occurring in vaccinated populations. In fact, serological surveys have confirmed that about 15 percent of the adult population, including women of childbearing age, are still not protected from the disease—the same percentage as before vaccinations.
在風(fēng)疹疫苗使用前的1969年,成千上萬(wàn)的風(fēng)疹病例在社會(huì)上傳播.大多數(shù)孩子感染了這種疾病并且獲得了終生的抵抗能力.結(jié)果85%的成人自然免疫.在疫苗使用之后,研究人員開始注意到病例開始在接種后的人群中發(fā)生.實(shí)際上,血清學(xué)調(diào)查以及證實(shí)了包括了生育期婦女的大約15%的成人仍舊沒有預(yù)防這種疾病的能力—跟疫苗使用前的比例數(shù)一樣.
From 1966 to 1968, before the rubella vaccine was licensed, 77 percent of all cases occurred in persons 14 years of age or younger. Just 23 percent of all cases occurred in persons 15 years of age or older. By 1990, however, 81 percent of all rubella cases were in the 15-or-older group, with the greatest increases in persons 15 to 29 years old—the prime childbearing years. From 1994 to 1997 this trend continued, with 85 percent of all rubella cases occurring in persons 15 years or older.
在風(fēng)疹疫苗批準(zhǔn)使用之前的1966年到1968年間, 所有病例中的77%發(fā)生在14歲年齡或者更小的年齡的人身上.所有病例中只有23%發(fā)生在15歲或者更大的年齡的人身上.然而到1990年為止,所有風(fēng)疹病例中的81%是發(fā)生在15歲或者更大的年齡的人身上,15歲到29歲年齡的人中增長(zhǎng)最大,這是主要的生育年齡段.從1994年到1997年這種趨勢(shì)一直繼續(xù),所有病例中有85%發(fā)生在15歲或者更大的年齡的人身上.
Since 1969, when the rubella vaccine was introduced, the number of rubella cases has steadily declined. For example, in 1970 more than 56,000 cases were recorded in the United States: 3,904 in 1980; 1,125 in 1990; just 152 in 2000. Authorities use this as evidence of the vaccine’s efficacy and benefit to society. However, the vaccine’s capacity to reduce the number of rubella cases is inconsequential if it is unable to protect the unborn child from birth defects. In fact, when the data is analyzed, it becomes clear that just the opposite is true. Misguided vaccine strategies that shifted rubella cases to more risky age groups apparently caused an increase in congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) related birth defects.
自從1969年應(yīng)用風(fēng)疹疫苗以來(lái),風(fēng)疹病例數(shù)目一直穩(wěn)步減少.例如,1970年在美國(guó)報(bào)告了超過(guò)56,000個(gè)病例;1980年是3,904個(gè);1990年1,125個(gè);2000年152個(gè).權(quán)威機(jī)構(gòu)把這個(gè)作為疫苗有效并且有益于社會(huì)的證據(jù).然而,如果疫苗不能保護(hù)還沒有出生的小孩發(fā)生生育缺陷的話,疫苗能減少風(fēng)疹病例數(shù)目的能力是不合邏輯的.實(shí)際上,在分析了數(shù)據(jù)之后,相反的結(jié)論是正確的這一點(diǎn)非常清楚.轉(zhuǎn)移了風(fēng)疹病例到更為危險(xiǎn)的年齡群的被誤導(dǎo)的疫苗政策引起了與出生相關(guān)的先天風(fēng)疹綜合癥(CRS)的增長(zhǎng).
In 1966, the year the government began keeping statistics on congenital rubella syndrome, there were 11 cases reported in the United States. In 1967, there were just 10 cases, with 14 more reported the following year. However, in 1969 the rubella vaccine was introduced and the CDC recorded 31 cases of CRS. In 1970, CRS cases skyrocketed to 77—a greater than 600 percent increase over pre-vaccine numbers. In 1971, there were 68 cases. These figures remained high in subsequent years (Figure 12). Adjustments for annual population variances do not alter the results. By 1991, there were just 1,401 cases of rubella, but the CDC recorded 47 cases of CRS. In 1992, rubella cases dropped to 160, and there were just 11 cases of CRS—the exact number recorded by the CDC more than 25 years earlier in 1966 before the vaccine was introduced.
1966年,政府開始保持統(tǒng)計(jì)先天風(fēng)疹綜合癥,在美國(guó)有11例報(bào)告.1967年只有10例,1968年有14例還要多.然而,當(dāng)在1969年應(yīng)用了風(fēng)疹疫苗之后,CDC記錄了31例CRS.1970年CRS病例暴漲到77例—比起疫苗使用前超過(guò)了600%.1971年有68例.在接下來(lái)的年份里這些數(shù)字一直都保持很高(圖12).年度人口變化調(diào)整也沒有改變這一結(jié)果.到1991年為止只有1,401例風(fēng)疹,但是CDC記錄了47例CRS.1992年風(fēng)疹降低到160例,并且只有11例CRS—這是CDC記錄的早到1966年疫苗還沒有應(yīng)用的25年的確切數(shù)字.
The New England Journal of Medicine reported that one-third of all hospital employees rejected rubella shots; 81 percent of the doctors refused the vaccine, with senior staff physicians having an even lower participation rate. Shortly thereafter, the Journal of the American Medical Association reported that 47 percent of all employees at the University of Southern California Medical Center would not comply with a rubella vaccination campaign; 78 percent of the doctors would not consent to the shots, while 91 percent of the obstetricians and gynecologists (who work daily with pregnant women) refused to participate (Figure 13). Such reluctance on the part of physicians prompted Dr. Robert Mendelsohn to pose the following ethical question:” If doctors themselves are afraid of the vaccine, why on earth should the law require that you and other parents allow them to administer it to your kids?”
<新英格蘭醫(yī)學(xué)期刊>報(bào)告了所有醫(yī)院雇員的三分之一拒絕注射風(fēng)疹疫苗;81%的醫(yī)生拒絕這種疫苗,高級(jí)醫(yī)師接種率甚至更低.從那之后不久,<美國(guó)醫(yī)學(xué)協(xié)會(huì)期刊>報(bào)告了47%的Southern California大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)中心的雇員就不愿意參加疫苗接種運(yùn)動(dòng);78%的醫(yī)生不同意注射疫苗,甚至91%的產(chǎn)科醫(yī)生和婦科醫(yī)生拒絕參與這一運(yùn)動(dòng)(圖13).由于一部分醫(yī)生不情愿參與這種運(yùn)動(dòng),促使了Robert Mendelsohn博士提出了下面的倫理問(wèn)題:”如果醫(yī)生他們自己都害怕疫苗,究竟為什么法律要你以及其他父母將疫苗用在孩子身上呢?”


DIPHTHERIA
白喉

Diphtheria is a contagious bacterial disease of the upper respiratory system. It is mainly spread by the coughing and sneezing of infected persons. The first symptoms appear two to five days after infection. They include a sore throat, headache, coughing, fever, and swollen lymph nodes in the neck. As the disease progresses, a thick membrane forms on the surface of the tonsils and throat, and may extend into the windpipe and lungs. This membrane may interfere with breathing and swallowing. In severe cases, it can completely block the breathing passages and cause death if not treated. Other complications include inflammation of the heart muscle and respiratory paralysis.
白喉是一種上呼吸系統(tǒng)的接觸性傳染細(xì)菌病.它主要由感染人群的咳嗽以及噴嚏傳播.感染之后的第一個(gè)癥狀出現(xiàn)2到5天.癥狀包括喉嚨痛,頭痛,咳嗽,發(fā)燒以及脖子的淋巴結(jié)腫大.隨著病情的發(fā)展,在扁桃體以及喉嚨的表面形成了一層厚膜,這層厚膜也許會(huì)伸展到氣管以及肺里面.這層膜也許會(huì)影響呼吸以及吞咽.在嚴(yán)重的病例中,如果不處理的話它會(huì)完全堵死呼吸道并引起死亡.其他并發(fā)癥包括心肌發(fā)炎以及呼吸麻痹.
Diphtheria requires medical attention but is treatable with common antibiotics such as penicillin. Heart failure is treated with medication, while a respirator is used to aid in breathing. A diphtheria antitoxin became available in 1895 and is still used today. It can be administered to persons with low diphtheria antibody levels or immediately after being exposed to the disease. A diphtheria vaccine was introduced in the 1920s. Widespread use of this modified toxoid began in the 1940s when it was combined with the tetanus and pertussis vaccines (DPT).
白喉雖然需要醫(yī)藥治療,但是只需要普通的抗生素(例如青霉素)就可以應(yīng)付了.心衰用藥物治療,用呼吸機(jī)來(lái)幫助呼吸.1895年白喉抗毒素發(fā)明了并且至盡還在使用.它能夠用在具有較低白喉抗體水平的人身上以及立即應(yīng)用在接觸了這種疾病之后的人身上.1920年代一種白喉疫苗臨床應(yīng)用了.這種改良的類毒素在1940年代與破傷風(fēng)以及百日咳(DPT)結(jié)合之后開始廣泛使用.

Findings: Diphtheria was a common disease during the late 19th century. For example, from 1891 to 1895, New York averaged 7,200 cases per year. The case-fatality rate was about five percent. In the U.S. during the 1940s, the number of diphtheria cases fluctuated between 15,000 and 30,000 annually. However, in 1980 a new pattern emerged, with only a few cases each year. From 1990 to 2000 (an 11-year period), 25 cases of diphtheria were recorded. Three of these cases were fatal.
結(jié)論:白喉在19世紀(jì)是一種普通的疾病.例如,從1891年到1895年,紐約每年平均有7,200例.病例死亡率大約是5%.在美國(guó)1940年代白喉病例的數(shù)目每年在15,000到30,000之間波動(dòng).然而,1980年一種新的模式出現(xiàn)了,每年只有幾例.從1990年到2000年(一個(gè)11年周期), 記錄了25例白喉病例.其中三例導(dǎo)致了死亡.
The diphtheria death rate plummeted long before the vaccine was introduced. In the United States, from 1900 to 1930, diphtheria fatalities declined by more than 85 percent. In fact, mortality from the disease decreased from 7.2 deaths per 10,000 in 1911 to .9 deaths per 10,000 in 1935—an 88 percent decline.
在疫苗使用之前很長(zhǎng)一段時(shí)間白喉死亡率直線下降.在美國(guó)從1900年到1930年,白喉死亡率減少了85%.實(shí)際上,這種疾病的死亡率從1911年每10,000例中7.2例死亡減少到1935年每10,000例中0.9例死亡—降低了88%.
In 1975, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) concluded that diphtheria toxoid “is not as effective an immunizing agent as might be anticipated.” Authorities confessed that diphtheria may occur in vaccinated individuals, and noted that “the permanence of immunity induced by the toxoid…is open to question.
1975年,食品和藥物管理局(FDA)得出結(jié)論,白喉類毒素”不象預(yù)期的那樣是一種有效的免疫媒介.”權(quán)威機(jī)構(gòu)公開承認(rèn)白喉也許在接種了疫苗的個(gè)體中也會(huì)發(fā)生,并且指出”這種類毒素誘發(fā)的免疫的永久性…是可疑的.
In 1979, authorities changed the medical definition of diphtheria. Prior to the change, “cutaneous” and “inhalation” cases of the disease were counted. After the change, only inhalation cases were labeled as bona fide diphtheria. As a result, official statistics showed an immediate 95 percent decline in cases the following year (and a 99.3 percent reduction from 1970 to 1980). The number of diphtheria cases remained low every year thereafter.
在1979年,權(quán)威機(jī)構(gòu)改變了白喉的醫(yī)學(xué)定義.在改變之前,”呼吸”以及”吸入”病例是算在內(nèi)的.改變之后,僅僅吸入性病例被標(biāo)認(rèn)為是真正的白喉病.結(jié)果,官方統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)第二年立即顯示了95%的病例數(shù)目的下降(從1970年到1980年下降了99.3%).從那以后白喉病例數(shù)目每年都保持較低水平.
During the mid-1990s, there were outbreaks of diphtheria in eastern Europe and the newly independent states of the former Soviet Union. Many of the cases occurred in persons who were properly vaccinated. As a result, authorities questioned the merits of diphtheria vaccination programs.
在1990年代中期,在東歐以及前蘇聯(lián)新獨(dú)立的國(guó)家爆發(fā)了白喉病.許多病例發(fā)生在正確接種過(guò)疫苗的人身上.結(jié)果,權(quán)威機(jī)構(gòu)質(zhì)疑了白喉接種項(xiàng)目的好處.
In 1999, FDA announced that diphtheria vaccines given to children during the previous year were “too weak to protect against diphtheria.” However, since diphtheria is very rare in the United States and other developed countries, officials did not recommend new vaccines for children who received the worthless ones.
1999年,FDA宣布前一年給小孩接種的白喉疫苗”太弱了,不能預(yù)防抵抗白喉.”然而,由于白喉在美國(guó)和其他發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家已經(jīng)比較稀少,在小孩接種了這些無(wú)益的疫苗之后,官方不推薦小孩再接種新的疫苗.

PERTUSSIS
百日咳

Pertussis is a contagious disease caused by a bacterium that affects the respiratory system. Sometimes called whooping cough, this disease got its name from the high-pitched whooping noise victims make when they try to catch their breath after severe coughing attacks. Symptoms progress through three stages. In the first stage, which usually lasts one to two weeks, victims have trouble breathing, and may develop a cough and fever. In the second stage, which usually lasts two to three weeks, severe coughing attacks occur during the night, and then later during the day and night. The attacks can lead to inadequate oxygen, which can cause convulsions. During this stage death can occur. In the final stage, coughing lessens and recovery begins. Full recovery may take two to three months.
百日咳是一種感染呼吸系統(tǒng)的由細(xì)菌引起的接觸傳染病.有時(shí)叫whooping cough(百日咳), 這種疾病由感染了這種病的人發(fā)出的聲調(diào)高的咳嗽聲而得名,這些病人在這種嚴(yán)重的咳嗽發(fā)作的時(shí)候盡力想屏住呼吸.癥狀發(fā)展經(jīng)歷三個(gè)階段.第一個(gè)階段通常持續(xù)一到兩周,病人呼吸困難,也許會(huì)咳嗽并發(fā)燒.第二個(gè)階段通常持續(xù)2到3周,嚴(yán)重的咳嗽在晚上發(fā)作,然后在后半日以及后半夜發(fā)作.病發(fā)作的時(shí)候會(huì)導(dǎo)致吸入氧氣不夠,從而引起抽搐.在這個(gè)階段也許會(huì)發(fā)生死亡.在最后的階段,咳嗽減輕了并且開始恢復(fù).全面恢復(fù)也許需要兩到三個(gè)月.
The disease is rarely fatal. However, when infants under six months contract pertussis, it can be serious and life-threatening. There is no specific treatment for pertussis. Antibiotics and cough suppressants have been used, but with little effect, and are generally not recommended. A vaccine against pertussis has been available since 1936 (and was put into general use during the 1940s).
這種疾病很少致命.然而,當(dāng)小于6個(gè)月的嬰兒感染了百日咳,就會(huì)非常嚴(yán)重并有生命危險(xiǎn).對(duì)于百日咳沒有專門的治療方法.抗生素和抑制咳嗽的藥物使用下來(lái)效果不大,一般也不推薦使用.自從1936年來(lái),一種預(yù)防百日咳的疫苗發(fā)明了(并在1940年代投入廣泛的使用).

Findings: The incidence and severity of whooping cough had begun to decline long before the pertussis vaccine was introduced. From 1900 to 1935, the death rate from pertussis in the United States and England had already declined on its own by 79 percent and 82 percent, respectively (Figure 14).
結(jié)論:百日咳的發(fā)生率以及嚴(yán)重性在百日咳疫苗使用很久以前就已經(jīng)開始降低了.從1900年到1935年,美國(guó)和英格蘭百日咳的死亡率已經(jīng)分別自然下降了79以及82個(gè)百分點(diǎn)(圖14).
A study published in the Journal of Pediatrics indicates that the pertussis vaccine may be only 40-45 percent effective. Further evidence indicates that immunity is not sustained. Susceptibility to pertussis 12 years after full vaccination may be as high as 95 percent. For example, 2,187 cases of pertussis were reported to the CDC in 1984. Of the 560 patients aged seven months to six years with known vaccination status, nearly half (46 percent) had received vaccine protection. In 1986, 1300 cases of pertussis were reported in Kansas. Of the patients with known vaccination status, 90 percent were “adequately” vaccinated. And in 1993, during a pertussis outbreak in Ohio, 82 percent of younger children stricken with the disease had received regular doses of the vaccine (Figure 15).
在<小兒科期刊>公布的一個(gè)研究指出百日咳疫苗也許只有40%到45%的有效率.進(jìn)一步的證據(jù)指出免疫性不能持久.在全面接種疫苗12年后,對(duì)于百日咳的易感性也許高達(dá)95%.例如,在1984年,向CDC報(bào)告的百日咳病例有2,187例.560個(gè)年齡從七個(gè)月到六歲不等的病人接種過(guò)疫苗,也就是說(shuō)近一半的病人(46%)接受過(guò)疫苗保護(hù).1986年,在堪薩斯州報(bào)告了1300例百日咳.在已經(jīng)接種了疫苗的病人中,90%是”充分”接種過(guò)的.并且在1993年,在Ohio爆發(fā)百日咳期間,82%的幼兒被這種疾病折磨,然而他們都接受了常規(guī)劑量的疫苗(圖15).
The diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis vaccines are usually combined into a single formula (DTP or DTaP). Components of this triple shot (including the “newly formulated” and recently updated version) are “stabilized” using formaldehyde—a known carcinogen. Each dose also contains thimerosal—a derivative of mercury—and aluminum potassium sulfate. Mercury and aluminum are toxic to humans.
白喉,破傷風(fēng)以及百日咳疫苗通常組合成一種單一的配方來(lái)使用(DTP或者DTaP).這樣的三種成分組成的注射劑(包括”新制配方”以及最近更新的版本)使用甲醛來(lái)”穩(wěn)定”—一種已知的致癌物質(zhì).每一劑量還包含一種消毒液原料—一種水銀的衍生物—以及鋁鉀硫酸鹽.水銀和鋁對(duì)人體是有毒的.
The United States never conducted its own clinical tests to determine whether the pertussis vaccine is safe and effective. Instead, it relies on data collected by Great Britain during the 1950s on children between six months and one-and-a-half years of age. Even though 42 of these children had convulsions within 28 days, 80 percent of the babies were 14 months of age or older, and the tests were designed to measure the efficacy (not safety) of the vaccine, U.S. health authorities use these results as evidence that the vaccine is safe to give to babies as young as six weeks of age. In fact, a two month old baby weighing less than ten pounds receives the same dose of pertussis vaccine as a 50 pound child entering preschool.
美國(guó)從來(lái)都沒有進(jìn)行臨床試驗(yàn)來(lái)決定百日咳疫苗是否安全有效.相反的,國(guó)家依賴于大不列顛在1950年代采集的六個(gè)月到一歲半年齡的小孩的數(shù)據(jù).即使有42個(gè)小孩在28天內(nèi)發(fā)生了抽搐(80%的嬰兒14個(gè)月大或者更大一點(diǎn)),這樣的測(cè)試還是設(shè)計(jì)用來(lái)測(cè)量疫苗的有效性(不是安全性),美國(guó)健康機(jī)構(gòu)使用了這些結(jié)論來(lái)作為給六個(gè)星期大的嬰兒的疫苗是安全的證據(jù).實(shí)際上,一個(gè)體重小于10磅的兩月大的孩子接受了入學(xué)年齡體重為50磅的孩子的百日咳疫苗的劑量.
The pertussis vaccine was used in animal experiments to help produce anaphylactic shock, and to cause an acute autoimmune encephalomyelitis (allergic encephalitis). Post-vaccinal encephalitis may be the greatest cause of developmental and learning disabilities in the country today. Scientists also developed an indirect test to determine the efficacy and safety of the pertussis vaccine. If it rendered immunity in mice, it was considered effective in children. If the mice did not lose weight, it was presumed to be nontoxic.
百日咳疫苗在動(dòng)物試驗(yàn)中使用,以用來(lái)幫助產(chǎn)生過(guò)敏性休克,并且引起了一種急劇的自體免疫性腦脊髓炎(過(guò)敏性腦炎).接種后的腦炎也許是今天國(guó)家進(jìn)行性的學(xué)習(xí)能力喪失病例的最主要的原因.科學(xué)家還改良了一種間接的測(cè)試來(lái)確定百日咳疫苗的有效性和安全性.如果它導(dǎo)致了老鼠的免疫性,它也被認(rèn)為對(duì)小孩有效.如果老鼠體重沒有減輕,它就被認(rèn)為是無(wú)毒的.
The pertussis vaccine may cause fever as high as 106 degrees, pain, swelling, diarrhea, projectile vomiting, excessive sleepiness, high-pitched screaming (not unlike the so-called cri encephalique, or encephalitic scream associated with central nervous system damage), inconsolable crying bouts, seizures, convulsions, collapse, shock, breathing problems, brain damage, and sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). In one report, serious reactions (including grand mal epilepsy and encephalopathy) were shown to be as high as one in 600. In another study, it was reported that out of 15,752 shots administered to children, only 18 serious reactions (shock-collapse or convulsions) occurred (1 in 875). However, each child in the study received three to five shots. Thus, approximately one out of every 200 children who received the full DPT series suffered severe reactions.
百日咳疫苗也許會(huì)引起高達(dá)106華氏度的高燒,疼痛,腫脹,腹瀉,噴射式嘔吐,整天昏昏欲睡,高聲調(diào)的尖叫(和稱為喊叫腦炎或者與中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)損傷的腦炎尖叫相象),難以自拔的不斷叫喊,驚厥,抽搐,虛脫,休克,呼吸困難,腦部損傷以及嬰兒卒死綜合癥(SIDS).在一個(gè)報(bào)告中表明,嚴(yán)重的反應(yīng)(包括癲癇大發(fā)作以及腦病)高達(dá)600例中有1例.在另一個(gè)研究中,15,752次為小孩的接種注射報(bào)導(dǎo)只有18次嚴(yán)重反應(yīng)(休克性虛脫或者抽搐)發(fā)生(875次中有次例).然而,該研究中每個(gè)孩子接受了三到五針注射.因此,在接受了全系列DPT的孩子中,大約每200個(gè)有一個(gè)遭受了嚴(yán)重的反應(yīng).
In 1994, the Journal of the American Medical Association published data showing that children diagnosed with asthma were five times more likely than not to have received the pertussis vaccine. In 2000, a new study confirmed earlier findings that children who receive DPT or tetanus vaccines are significantly more likely to develop a “history of asthma” or other “allergy-related respiratory symptoms” than those who remain unvaccinated.
1994年,<美國(guó)醫(yī)學(xué)協(xié)會(huì)期刊>公布的數(shù)據(jù)顯示接種過(guò)百日咳疫苗的孩子檢查出哮喘的比率超出沒有接種過(guò)的孩子的五倍.2000年,一個(gè)新的研究證實(shí)了早期的一些結(jié)論,接種了DPT或者破傷風(fēng)疫苗的孩子比起沒有接種過(guò)的小孩,明顯更容易有”哮喘史”或者其他”敏感癥相關(guān)的呼吸系統(tǒng)癥狀”.

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS): Babies die at a rate seven times greater than normal within three days after getting a pertussis shot. The three primary doses of pertussis are given to infants at two months, four months, and six months. Approximately 85 percent of SIDS cases occur in the period one through six months, with the peak incidence at age two to four months.
嬰兒卒死綜合癥(SIDS):嬰兒在接種疫苗后三天的死亡率超過(guò)正常小孩七倍.三種主要的百日咳注射劑分別是在嬰兒兩個(gè)月,四個(gè)月以及六個(gè)月的時(shí)候給小孩注射的.大約85%的SIDS病例發(fā)生在1到6個(gè)月的這個(gè)時(shí)期,兩到四個(gè)月是尖峰發(fā)生率.
In a recent scientific study of SIDS, episodes of apnea (cessation of breathing) and hypopnea (abnormally shallow breathing) were measured before and after pertussis vaccinations. Cotwatch (a sophisticated microprocessor placed under the baby’s mattress to measure precise breathing patterns) was used, and the computer printouts it generated (in integrals of the “weighted apnea-hypopnea density”) were analyzed. The data clearly shows that vaccination caused an extraordinary increase in episodes where breathing either nearly ceased or stopped completely (Figure 16). These episodes continued for months following vaccinations. Dr. Viera Scheibner, the author of the study, concluded that “vaccination is the single most prevalent and most preventable cause of infant deaths.”
在最近的一個(gè)SIDS的科學(xué)研究中,呼吸暫停的情況 (呼吸暫停)以及呼吸不足(不正常的淺呼吸)在百日咳疫苗接種之前以及之后都能檢查到.使用了Cotwatch(一種放在嬰兒床墊底下用來(lái)測(cè)量精確的呼吸模式的一種高級(jí)微處理器)以及由它產(chǎn)生的計(jì)算機(jī)打印輸出用來(lái)分析.數(shù)據(jù)清楚顯示疫苗接種引起了這種情況顯著的增長(zhǎng):呼吸或者幾乎停止或者完全停止(圖16).這些情況在疫苗接種之后幾個(gè)月一直持續(xù). 該研究的人員Viera Scheibner博士總結(jié)出這一結(jié)論:”疫苗接種是嬰兒死亡的個(gè)別原因中最普遍的以及最容易預(yù)防的.”
In another study of 103 children who died of SIDS, Dr. William Torch found that more than two-thirds had been vaccinated with pertussis prior to death. Of these, 6.5 percent died within 12 hours of vaccination; 13 percent within 24 hours; 26 percent within three days; and 37,61, and 70 percent within one, two, and three weeks, respectively (Figure 17). He also found that SIDS frequencies have a bimodal peak occurrence at two and four months—the same ages when initial doses of pertussis are administered to infants.
在另一個(gè)死于SIDS的103個(gè)小孩的研究中, William Torch博士發(fā)現(xiàn)超過(guò)2/3的小孩在死亡之前已經(jīng)接種了百日咳疫苗.在這些死亡的病例中,有6.5%死于接種后12小時(shí);13%死于接種后24小時(shí);26%死于三天內(nèi);一周,兩周以及三周內(nèi)的死亡率分別是37%,61%以及70%(圖17).他還發(fā)現(xiàn)SIDS的發(fā)生頻率在2到4個(gè)月的嬰兒中有一個(gè)雙峰現(xiàn)象—這是初次劑量的百日咳疫苗使用在嬰兒身上的那個(gè)年齡.
The following excerpt is from a statement made by a distraught grandmother testifying before Congress regarding vaccine injury compensation:
以下摘錄來(lái)自于一個(gè)極其煩惱的祖母在陪審團(tuán)前關(guān)于疫苗傷害補(bǔ)償?shù)淖髯C陳述的聲明:
“My name is Donna Gary. Our family should have celebrated our very first granddaughter’s first birthday last month. Instead, we will commemorate the anniversary of her death at the end of this month.
“我的名字叫Donna Gary.我們家里上個(gè)月應(yīng)該已經(jīng)為我們第一個(gè)孫女慶祝了她的第一個(gè)生日.然而,我們就要在這個(gè)月底給她做周年祭.
“Our granddaughter, Lee Ann, was just eight weeks old when her mother took her to the doctor for her routine checkup. That included, of course, her first DPT inoculation and oral polio vaccine.
“我們的孫女Lee Ann在她的母親帶她去醫(yī)生那里做常規(guī)檢查的時(shí)候只有八個(gè)星期大.那次當(dāng)然也包括為她做第一次DPT疫苗接種以及口服脊髓灰質(zhì)炎疫苗.
“In all her entire eight weeks of life this lovable, extremely alert baby had never produced such a blood-curdling scream as she did at the moment the shot was given. Neither had her mother ever before seen her back arch as it did while she screamed. She was inconsolable. Even her daddy could not understand Lee Ann’s uncharacteristic screaming and crying.
“在她接受疫苗注射的時(shí)候,這個(gè)可愛而機(jī)敏的寶寶在她生命的整個(gè)八個(gè)星期,從來(lái)沒有發(fā)出過(guò)那么撕心裂肺的尖叫.她媽媽以前也從來(lái)沒有看過(guò)在她尖叫的時(shí)候她的背拱得那么厲害.她怎么哄也哄不了.即使是她的爸爸也不能感受到Lee Ann那異常的尖叫和哭喊代表的意義.
“Four hours later Lee Ann was dead. ‘Crib death,’ the doctor said—‘SIDS.’ ‘Could it be connected to the shot?’ her parents implored. ‘No.’ ‘But she just had her first DPT shot this afternoon. Could there possibly be any connection to it?’ ‘No, no connection at all,’ the emergency room doctor said definitely.
“在Lee Ann死后四小時(shí).醫(yī)生說(shuō)這是’SIDS’(嬰兒卒死綜合癥).’這與注射相關(guān)嗎?’她的父母懇求.’不.’ ‘但是她今天下午才剛剛注射過(guò)DPT啊.這沒有任何聯(lián)系嗎?’’不,根本沒有任何聯(lián)系,’急救室的醫(yī)生肯定地說(shuō).
“My husband and I hurried to the hospital the following morning after Lee Ann’s death to talk with the pathologist before the autopsy. We wanted to make sure he was alerted to her DPT inoculation such a short time before her death—just in case there was something else he could look for to make the connection. He was unavailable to talk with us. We waited two-and-a-half hours. Finally, we got to talk to another doctor after the autopsy had been completed. He said it was ‘SIDS.’
“我的丈夫和我在Lee Ann死后的第二個(gè)早晨趕緊趕到醫(yī)院和尸檢的病理學(xué)醫(yī)生談話.我們想確定他是否在Lee Ann死前的一段短時(shí)間內(nèi)被警告過(guò)她注射了DPT—以防他能找到其他聯(lián)系起來(lái)的證據(jù).我們找不到他談話.我們等待了兩個(gè)半小時(shí).最后,我們?cè)谑瑱z完成之后和另一個(gè)醫(yī)生談了話.他說(shuō)這是’SIDS.’
“In the months before Lee Ann was born I regularly checked with a friend as to the state of her grandchild’s condition. He is nearly a year-and-a-half older than Lee Ann. On his first DPT shot he passed out cold for 15 minutes, right in the pediatrician’s office. ‘Normal reaction for some children,’ the pediatrician reassured. The parents were scared, but they knew what a fine doctor they had. They trusted his judgment.
“在Lee Ann出生前的幾個(gè)月,她和我一個(gè)朋友的孫子的狀況差不多.他比Lee Ann大了將近一歲半.在接受第一次DPT注射的時(shí)候他就在兒科醫(yī)生的辦公室里昏過(guò)去15分鐘.’一些孩子的正常反應(yīng),’兒科醫(yī)生保證說(shuō).父母很害怕,但是他們知道他們的醫(yī)生很不錯(cuò).他們相信他的判斷.
“When it was time for the second shot they asked, ‘Are you sure it’s all right? Is it really necessary?’
“當(dāng)?shù)搅说诙�次接種的時(shí)候,他們問(wèn)道,’你確定沒有關(guān)系嗎?疫苗針的需要嗎?’
“Their pediatrician again reassured them. He told them how awful it was to experience, as he had, one of his infant patient’s bout with whooping cough. That baby had died.
“他們的兒科醫(yī)生再次跟他們做了保證.他告訴他們這樣的事情多么可怕,他的一個(gè)嬰兒病人不斷地與百日咳較量.那個(gè)嬰兒已經(jīng)死了.
“They gave him his second DPT shot that day. He became brain-damaged.
“他們那天讓孩子接種了第二針DPT.他的腦子損壞了.
“This past week I had an opportunity to read through printed copies of the hearing of this committee. I am dismayed to learn that this same talk has been going on for years, and nothing has progressed to incorporate what seems so obvious and necessary to keep from destroying any more babies, and to compensate financially those who have already been damaged for life.
“過(guò)去的一個(gè)星期我有一個(gè)機(jī)會(huì)通讀委員會(huì)的預(yù)審的打印副本.我很沮喪地發(fā)現(xiàn)同樣的事件已經(jīng)有了好多年,并且在以下方面沒有任何實(shí)質(zhì)性地進(jìn)展,保護(hù)嬰兒不再受到損傷是明顯而必要地,并且在經(jīng)濟(jì)上補(bǔ)充那些已經(jīng)在生活上受到損害的人.
“How accurate are our statistics on adverse reactions to vaccines when parents have been told, are still being told, ‘No connection to the shot, no connection at all?’
“在我們的父母以前被告知,并且現(xiàn)在仍舊被告知,’跟注射沒有任何聯(lián)系,根本沒有聯(lián)系’的時(shí)候,我們?cè)谝呙缦喾吹姆磻?yīng)方面的統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)有多精確呢?
“What about the mother I have recently talked with who has a four-year-old brain-damaged son? On all three of his DPT shots he had a convulsion in the presence of the pediatrician. ‘No connection,’ the pediatrician assured.
“最近我與之談?wù)撨^(guò)的一位有一個(gè)四歲大的腦損傷的孩子的母親,她是怎么想的呢?在所有的三次DPT注射的時(shí)候,她兒子都當(dāng)著兒科醫(yī)生的面發(fā)生了抽搐.’沒有聯(lián)系,’兒科醫(yī)生保證道.
“I talked with a father in a town adjoining ours whose son died at the age of nine weeks, several months before our own granddaughter’s death. It was the day after his DPT inoculation. ‘SIDS’ is the statement on the death certificate.
“我與一位父親也談?wù)撨^(guò),他住在我們相鄰的一個(gè)鎮(zhèn)上,他的兒子在九個(gè)星期大的時(shí)候死了,就在我們自己的孫女死前幾個(gè)月.這發(fā)生在他注射過(guò)DPT之后.’SIDS’是死亡證明書上的陳述.
“Are the statistics that the medical world loves to quote to say, ‘There is no connection,’ really accurate, or are they based on poor diagnoses, poor recordkeeping?
“是不是這樣的統(tǒng)計(jì)--醫(yī)療界愛引用說(shuō),’沒有聯(lián)系’—真的準(zhǔn)確?還是他們是基于不可靠的診斷以及貧乏的記錄數(shù)據(jù)之上?
“What is being done to provide a safer vaccine? Who is overseeing? Will it be the same scientists and doctors who have been overseeing in the past? How are physicians and clinics going to be held accountable to see that parents are informed of the possible reactions? And how are those children who should not receive the vaccine to be identified before they are damaged—or dead?
“為了提供更為安全的疫苗他們做了什么?誰(shuí)在監(jiān)察?科學(xué)家以及醫(yī)生是不是過(guò)去監(jiān)察的同一群人?醫(yī)生以及門診部為父母知道可能的反應(yīng)是怎樣盡責(zé)的?以及對(duì)于那些在受到損害或者死亡之前的孩子,應(yīng)該怎樣確診他們不應(yīng)該接種?
“Today is the National Day of Prayer. My prayer is that this committee be instrumental in doing what needs to be done—and soon. May there not be yet another year pass by with more children afflicted, and some dead, because those who can do so refuse to ‘make the right connection.’”
“今天是國(guó)慶祈禱日.我的祈禱是委員會(huì)能有助于做該做的事情—最好能盡快.但愿再?zèng)]有由于那些這樣干的人拒絕’作出正確的聯(lián)系’,而使得孩子受到折磨甚至有些死亡的又一個(gè)年頭.

ACELLULAR PERTUSSIS (DTaP)
非細(xì)胞百日咳(DTaP)

In 1981, Japan began giving their children a new “acellular” pertussis vaccine. They claimed it was less toxic and more effective than the standard “whole-cell” vaccine used in the United States. Many authorities in this country agreed, but claimed that the additional cost to produce the vaccine, and the logistics involved, did not justify making the switch.
1981年,日本開始給他們的孩子接種一種新的”非細(xì)胞”百日咳疫苗.他們宣稱它比美國(guó)使用的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的”全細(xì)胞”疫苗毒更少并且更為有效.該國(guó)的許多權(quán)威人士也同意這一說(shuō)法,但是宣稱生產(chǎn)疫苗的額外費(fèi)用以及后勤有關(guān)的事情,使得做這種改變不恰當(dāng).

Findings: Japan reported a significant drop in serious reactions following use of the acellular vaccine. However, in 1975, a few years before the new pertussis vaccine was introduced in Japan, authorities raised the age of vaccination to two years. In the U.S., pertussis shots are began at two months, and are continued throughout the infant’s early, and high risk, months. Thus it has been difficult to ascertain whether the acellular vaccine is truly safer.
結(jié)論:日本在使用了非細(xì)胞疫苗之后報(bào)告了嚴(yán)重反應(yīng)事件的顯著下降.然而,在新的百日咳疫苗在日本使用前幾年的1975年,權(quán)威機(jī)構(gòu)將接種的年齡提到了兩歲.在美國(guó),百日咳疫苗注射在小孩兩個(gè)月大就開始了,并且在嬰兒的早期以及高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的月份里一直使用.因此難以得出非細(xì)胞疫苗是否真的安全的結(jié)論.
In 1987, 66 victims of the Japanese pertussis vaccine won huge awards from their government. The court recognized that the authorities were denying reactions and the damaged plaintiffs were victimized so that the “public interest in preventing contagious diseases” wouldn’t be undermined.
在1987年,66名日本百日咳疫苗的受害者從政府獲得了巨大的賠償.法庭認(rèn)出權(quán)威機(jī)構(gòu)正在否認(rèn)這樣的反應(yīng),而且受到損害的起訴人受到了欺騙,因此”公眾在預(yù)防接觸傳染病方面的利益”不應(yīng)當(dāng)受到破壞.
In 1988, the United States tested the acellular pertussis vaccine on Swedish children. Efficacy with a two dose regimen was 69 percent. Several children died during the study. Ironically, U.S. health official—who were indifferent to pursuing alternatives to their imperfect whole-cell vaccine—played coy by calling for more research into the deaths, even though they occurred up to five months after vaccination, causes included heroin intoxication, and Swedish officials concluded they were unrelated to the vaccinations. Deaths that occur within hours or days of a whole-cell vaccination in the U.S. are quickly dismissed and rarely investigated.
1988年,美國(guó)在瑞典兒童身上試驗(yàn)了非細(xì)胞百日咳疫苗.兩劑量的有效性是69%.幾個(gè)兒童在這個(gè)研究中死亡.具有諷刺意味的是,美國(guó)健康官員(那些對(duì)尋求不完善的全細(xì)胞疫苗替代品很不起勁的人)這樣開警察的玩笑,即使這些死亡在接種疫苗之后五個(gè)月才發(fā)生(原因包括海洛因上癮),他們也要求對(duì)死亡做更多的調(diào)查.瑞典的官員卻斷定死亡跟疫苗接種沒有任何關(guān)聯(lián).然而在美國(guó)全細(xì)胞接種后數(shù)小時(shí)或者數(shù)天內(nèi)發(fā)生的死亡事件卻很快駁回不管,很少調(diào)查.
In 1989, Pediatrics published a study showing that the acellular vaccine caused fewer of the mild-type reactions than the standard DPT vaccine. However, serious reactions, such as encephalitis, occurred at a higher rate than with the standard shot. Brain inflammation struck at the rate of one of every 106 vaccinated children.
在1989年,<小兒科>公布的一個(gè)研究結(jié)論表明,非細(xì)胞疫苗比起標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的DPT疫苗更少引起溫和反應(yīng).然而,包括腦炎在內(nèi)的嚴(yán)重反應(yīng)比起標(biāo)準(zhǔn)注射具有更高的比率.腦炎達(dá)到了每106名注射的兒童中有一個(gè)的比率.
In 1992, the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommended replacing the standard whole-cell pertussis vaccine (DPT) with the acellular (DTaP) vaccine for the 4th and 5th doses only. In 1996, U.S. authorities replaced DPT with the DTaP vaccine for all five doses—despite the contention by some researchers that “most of the mild and serious reactions which have been reported following DPT vaccination have also been reported following DTap…”
1992年,<美國(guó)兒科研究院(AAP)>推薦只用非細(xì)胞(DTaP)疫苗來(lái)代替標(biāo)準(zhǔn)全細(xì)胞百日咳疫苗(DPT)的第四以及第五劑.1996年,美國(guó)權(quán)威機(jī)構(gòu)全部五劑都用DTaP代替DPT—而不管一些研究員的爭(zhēng)論,” 已經(jīng)報(bào)告的接種DPT之后的多數(shù)溫和以及嚴(yán)重的反應(yīng)也已經(jīng)在接種了DTaP之后被報(bào)告…”
The following adverse reactions are typical of the unsolicited email received by the Thinktwice Global Vaccine Institute. (For more information, visit www。thinktwice。com)
下面有害反應(yīng)是<三思全球疫苗研究所>接收到的,由別人主動(dòng)提供的典型情況.(更多的信息請(qǐng)?jiān)L問(wèn)www。thinktwice。com)
“My son is one year old. On his nine-month visit, he received the DTaP shot. The next two days he was doing a strange sort of jerking movement with his face that I’d never seen before. It looked like a mini-seizure. His body would tighten up when they would occur. I am now worried about getting the next DTaP shot.”
“我的兒子一歲大.在他九個(gè)月的時(shí)候,他接種了DTaP注射劑.第二天他臉上有一種奇怪的痙攣動(dòng)作,這種動(dòng)作我以前從來(lái)沒看到過(guò).顯得象較小的驚厥.當(dāng)發(fā)生這些的時(shí)候,他的身體開始繃緊.我正在擔(dān)心他第二次接種DTaP.”
“My youngest daughter had a ‘mild’ reaction to the DPT. Her fever lasted three to four days, and she was cranky for a few weeks. My doctor suggested 1/2 dose for the next round; she had no reaction at all. Then we moved and her new pediatrician stated that 1/2 doses aren’t recognized as a valid vaccination, but suggested the DTaP. Within hours she started to get a high fever, black diarrhea, and vomited. I called the doctor immediately, who started falling out. I took her back to the doctor who told me to stop putting her hair into ponytails, that I was pulling her hair too tight. Well, it has been two years since, and her hair has finally grown back enough for very small ponytails. I am not going to get her vaccinated again.”
“我最小的女兒對(duì)DPT有一個(gè)’溫和’反應(yīng).她發(fā)燒了3到4天,并且她脾氣好幾個(gè)星期都很暴躁.我的醫(yī)生建議我下次使用1/2的劑量;她根本沒有任何反應(yīng).然后我們離開了,她的新兒科醫(yī)生說(shuō)1/2劑量不是有效的接種劑量,他建議用DTaP.在接種后的數(shù)小時(shí)內(nèi),她開始發(fā)高燒,腹瀉黑便,并且嘔吐.我立即叫了醫(yī)生,他跟我們吵了起來(lái)(?).我把我女兒帶回到說(shuō)讓我不要把她的頭發(fā)扎成馬尾辮的那位醫(yī)生那里,那樣會(huì)把她的頭發(fā)拉得太緊.好了,那已經(jīng)是兩年前的事情了,并且她的頭發(fā)最終長(zhǎng)得足夠編一個(gè)小馬尾辮了.我不會(huì)再給她接種疫苗了.”
“They gave my daughter the DTaP at three months after they told me there were no known side effects. I objected to her having the shot but they told me that they would call Child Protection Services if I refused to let her have the vaccine. Being a teenage parent, the fear of losing her loomed over me 24 hours a day, and I didn’t want to make it a reality. So, I agreed to let her have it. Within minutes of arriving home she began to scream like I had never heard before. It scared me. She screamed for about 16 hours, with no break. The doctor swore that she was okay and was just “colicky.” After 16 hours of screaming she became lethargic. She wouldn’t even look up when I said her name, which she had always done before. She went into a seizure and ended up in the emergency room. My daughter now receives only the DT shot, and although the pedatrician’s nurses get angry with me, I insist that I see the label of the shot bottle before any injections are given to her.”
“他們告訴我沒有已知的副作用之后三個(gè)月,他們給我的女兒接種了DTaP.我反對(duì)給孩子接種,但是他們告訴我如果我拒絕讓孩子接種疫苗的話,他們會(huì)叫兒童保護(hù)部門來(lái).作為小孩的父親,害怕失去女兒的念頭一天24小時(shí)都在腦子中出現(xiàn),并且我不想使它成為現(xiàn)實(shí).因此,我同意讓她接種.在到家后的數(shù)分鐘內(nèi),她開始尖叫,我以前從來(lái)沒聽到過(guò)她這樣叫.把我嚇壞了.她叫喊了大約16小時(shí),一直沒有停歇.醫(yī)生斷言她沒事,只不過(guò)是害了”疝氣痛”.16小時(shí)喊叫之后她變得昏昏欲睡.當(dāng)我叫她名字的時(shí)候她甚至不愿抬起頭來(lái)看我,以前她總是這么做的.她發(fā)展成了驚厥并且最后終于進(jìn)了急救室.我的女兒現(xiàn)在只接受DT注射,盡管兒科的護(hù)士對(duì)我生氣,我堅(jiān)持在給女兒任何注射之前先要看注射瓶的標(biāo)簽.
Hepatitis B is a viral infection. Symptoms may be similar to the flu, including weakness, loss of appetite, diarrhea, pain in the upper right abdomen, and jaundice (yellowing of the eyes and skin). In some cases, individuals who contract this disease may be carriers of the virus yet exhibit few or none of these symptoms. Acute hepatitis B usually runs its course within one year. Long-term or chronic infections may progress to liver failure, coma, and death.
B型肝炎是一種濾過(guò)性病毒感染.癥狀也許跟流感相似,包括虛弱,失去胃口,腹瀉,右上腹痛以及黃疸(眼睛和皮膚發(fā)黃).在一些病例中,感染了這種疾病的個(gè)人也許是表現(xiàn)出很少甚至沒有表現(xiàn)這些癥狀的病毒的攜帶者.急性B型肝炎通常在一年內(nèi)發(fā)展.長(zhǎng)期或者慢性的感染也許發(fā)展到肝功能衰竭,昏迷甚至死亡.
In 1981, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) licensed a plasma-derived hepatitis B vaccine. It contained hepatitis B antigens (disease matter) extracted from individuals infected with the disease. This vaccine was later withdrawn from the market because vaccines derived from human blood are capable of transmitting unforeseen and potentially dangerous viruses. (Several studies investigated the probability that recipients of the plasma-derived hepatitis B vaccine received vaccines contaminated with HIV, a precursor to AIDS.) In 1986, the first of several genetically engineered (synthetic recombinant) vaccines was license for use on the general population.
1981年,食品和藥品管理局(FDA)認(rèn)可了一種來(lái)源于血漿的B型肝炎疫苗.它包含了從感染了疾病的個(gè)體身上萃取的B型肝炎抗原(疾病物質(zhì)).這種疫苗后來(lái)因?yàn)閬?lái)自于可能傳播無(wú)法預(yù)見的和潛在的危險(xiǎn)病毒的人類血液,從而從市場(chǎng)撤除了.(幾個(gè)研究調(diào)查了這種可能性:來(lái)源于血漿的B型肝炎疫苗的接種者接受了被HIV污染的疫苗,這是AIDS的前身.)1986年,幾個(gè)遺傳工程的疫苗(人工重組)中的第一個(gè)批準(zhǔn)在普通人群中使用.

Findings: The groups at highest risk of contracting hepatitis B are intravenous drug users, prostitutes, and sexually active gay men. Infants and children rarely develop this disease. In fact, less than one percent of all cases occur in children younger than 15 years. In North America, Europe and Australia, true carriers of the virus represent just one-tenth of one percent of the population.
結(jié)論:感染B型肝炎的高發(fā)人群是靜脈注射的使用者,妓女以及性活躍的同性戀者.嬰兒和兒童很少得這種疾病.實(shí)際上,在所有的病例中只有1%不到發(fā)生在小于15歲的小孩身上.在北美,歐洲以及澳大利亞,病毒的真正攜帶者只占了1%人口的1/10.
Infants born to hepatitis B infected mothers have a greater chance of acquiring this disease. However, children are very unlikely to contract hepatitis B if the mother is not infected. Pregnant women may be screened for this disease if they are concerned.
感染了B型肝炎的母親生的嬰兒獲得這種疾病的可能性很大.然而,如果母親沒有感染的話,孩子不太可能感染B型肝炎.懷孕的婦女如果擔(dān)心的話可以進(jìn)行篩查.
Studies claim that the hepatitis B vaccine provides immunity from the disease for five to ten years, but this conclusion contradicts the data. For example, in a study published in the New England Journal of Medicine, after five years antibody levels (presumed to correlate with immunity) declined sharply or no longer existed in 42 percent of the vaccine recipients. In addition, 34 of the 773 subjects (4.4 percent!) became infected with the virus. In another study, fewer than 40 percent of the vaccine recipients had protective antibody levels after five years. A similar study showed that 48 percent of the vaccine recipients had inadequate antibody levels after just four years. In fact, according to the World Health Organization, up to “60 percent of adults will lose all detectable antibody to hepatitis B vaccine within 6 to 10 years.” The medical literature contains other case studies documenting vaccine failures.
有研究宣稱B型肝炎疫苗提供了5年到10年的對(duì)該病的免疫性,但是這個(gè)結(jié)論與數(shù)據(jù)相矛盾.例如,在<新英格蘭醫(yī)學(xué)期刊>發(fā)布的一個(gè)研究中,五年后那些疫苗接種者的42%的人的抗體水平銳減或者不再存在.此外,773個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)對(duì)象中的34人(4.4%)感染了病毒.在另一個(gè)研究中,少于40%的疫苗接種者在五年后還具有保護(hù)性的抗體水平.一個(gè)類似的研究表明48%的疫苗接種者四年后就沒有足夠的抗體水平.實(shí)際上,根據(jù)世界衛(wèi)生組織的資料,多達(dá)”60%的成人在6到10年后失去了所有可以檢測(cè)到的B型肝炎疫苗的抗體.”醫(yī)學(xué)文獻(xiàn)包含了其他記載了疫苗失敗的病例研究.
In 1991, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommended that all infants receive the hepatitis B vaccine. Today, a majority of states mandate this vaccine. Yet, surveys in medical journals indicate that up to 87 percent of pediatricians and family practitioners do not believe this vaccine is needed by their newborn patients (Figure 18). Nevertheless, because high risk groups are difficult to reach, or have rejected this vaccine, and since children are “accessible,” many now receive the complete series beginning at birth. Due to waning efficacy or partial immunity, older children are compelled to receive booster doses as well.
1991年,疾控預(yù)防中心(CDC)推薦所有的嬰兒接種B型肝炎疫苗.今天,大部分國(guó)家強(qiáng)制接種這種疫苗.然而,醫(yī)學(xué)期刊的調(diào)查指出多達(dá)87%的兒科醫(yī)生以及家庭健康從業(yè)者不相信這種疫苗是他們新出生的病兒所需要的(圖18).然而,因?yàn)楦咄�人群很難接觸到,或者拒絕接種這種疫苗,又由于兒童可以”找到”,許多兒童在出生的時(shí)候就接受了完全系列的接種.由于效果漸弱或者部分免疫,大點(diǎn)的孩子還被強(qiáng)制接受促升劑量.
Authorities often claim that hospital employees are likely to contract and spread hepatitis B. they use this as a rationale for mandating the shot. However, in one study of 624 health workers, the risk of contracting hepatitis B was associated with the frequency of contact with blood, but did not correlate with the frequency of contract with patients. The authors concluded that health workers many become naturally immunized rather than infected through continuous exposure to low levels of hepatitis B.
權(quán)威機(jī)構(gòu)經(jīng)常宣稱醫(yī)院雇員有可能感染并傳播B型肝炎.他們用這個(gè)作為強(qiáng)制注射的基本原理.然而,在一個(gè)624個(gè)健康工作者的研究中,感染B型肝炎的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)是跟接觸血液的頻率相關(guān),而不是與接觸病人的頻率相關(guān).研究者斷定許多醫(yī)務(wù)工作者通過(guò)持續(xù)接觸低水平的B型肝炎變成了對(duì)它自然免疫而不是被感染.
Adverse reactions following the plasma-derived and the synthetic recombinant hepatitis B vaccines have been noted in the scientific literature. These include diabetes, multiple sclerosis, Guillain-Barre sysndrome. Bell’s palsy, Rolf’s Palsy, ocular and brachial plexus neuropathy, optic neuritis, central nervous system demyelination, lumbar reticulopathy, transverse myelitis, autoimmune reactions, thrombocytopenic purpura, anaphylaxis, arthritis, fever, headaches, pain, vomiting, vertigo, herpes zoster, and convulsions. Many of these reactions occurred after just one dose of the vaccine.
接種了來(lái)自血漿的以及人工重組的B型肝炎疫苗之后的有害反應(yīng)在科學(xué)文獻(xiàn)中已經(jīng)被指了出來(lái).這些包括糖尿病,多發(fā)性硬化, Guillain-Barre綜合癥, Bell癱瘓, Rolf癱瘓,眼睛以及臂從神經(jīng)病,視神經(jīng)炎,中央神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)脫髓鞘, lumbar reticulopathy, transverse myelitis,自體免疫反應(yīng), thrombocytopenic purpura,過(guò)敏性反應(yīng),關(guān)節(jié)炎,發(fā)燒,頭痛,疼痛,嘔吐,眩暈,帶狀包疹,以及抽搐.許多這樣的反應(yīng)就發(fā)生在接種了一劑疫苗之后.
This section contains unsolicited adverse reaction reports associated with the hepatitis B vaccine. They are typical of the daily emails received by the Thinktwice Global Vaccine Institue.
這部分包含了被主動(dòng)提供的與B型肝炎疫苗相關(guān)的有害反應(yīng)報(bào)告.它們是<三思全球疫苗研究所>收到的典型的日常email.
“Our daughter was born healthy but we allowed her to get the hepatitis B vaccine, and at three days old she started having seizures. After a week in the local children’s hospital surrounded by the best doctors and nurses, they said she had suffered a stroke.”
“我們的女兒出生時(shí)是健康的,但是我們讓她接種了B型疫苗,于是在三天大的時(shí)候她開始抽搐.一個(gè)星期之后,在當(dāng)?shù)氐膬和�醫(yī)院一群最好的醫(yī)生以及護(hù)士將她團(tuán)團(tuán)圍繞,他們說(shuō)她得了腦溢血.”
“I am a mother of three boys—six years, four years, and almost seven months. But the problem with my family is, we no longer have our seven month old baby. We lost our dear baby when he was almost two months old. He passed away after receiving just one shot of the hepatitis B vaccine!”
“我是三個(gè)男孩的媽媽—六歲,四歲,還有一個(gè)將近七個(gè)月大.但是我家的問(wèn)題是我們失去了我們應(yīng)該已經(jīng)七個(gè)月大的寶寶.當(dāng)寶寶將近兩個(gè)月大的時(shí)候,我們失去了我們親愛的寶寶.他在只接種了一劑B型肝炎疫苗之后就去世了!”
“My son received the hepatitis B vaccine. Within days he had cold and flu-like symptoms. It quickly escalated into a high fever with itchy, red hives all over his body, with severe joint pain and swelling. He was hospitalized within 10 days of the shot. He is now diagnosed with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis and is on several medications. Prior to the shot he was a very healthy, active boy who played sports.”
“我的兒子接種了B型肝炎疫苗.在接下來(lái)的幾天里,他有了感冒以及類似流感的癥狀.然后很快節(jié)節(jié)升高成全身有發(fā)癢,紅色麻疹的高燒,他還有關(guān)節(jié)痛以及腫脹.他注射之后的10天都住院.他現(xiàn)在被診斷為青少年風(fēng)濕性關(guān)節(jié)炎并且現(xiàn)在吃幾種藥物治療.在注射之前,他是一個(gè)非常健康,活潑的運(yùn)動(dòng)型男孩.”
“After the nurse injected my 11-year-old daughter with her second hepatitis B shot, she got up, almost tripped into the next room, and fell flat to the ground. I went to pick her up not knowing what had happened, and when I lifted her up she was lifeless, and then her body started to shake. It was very frightening. She had passed out, and when she hit the floor her chin was bleeding and she had to get six stitches. The doctor said that she just passed out, but I am concerned about why she shook the way she did. I am scared to death to get her third shot.”
“在護(hù)士注射了我11歲大的女兒第二針B型肝炎疫苗之后,她站了起來(lái),幾乎跌進(jìn)了隔壁房間,并且直直地跌到了地板上.我過(guò)去將她扶起來(lái),不知道發(fā)生了什么.當(dāng)我將她扶起的時(shí)候,她幾乎沒命了,接著她的身體開始顫抖.非常嚇人.她已經(jīng)昏了過(guò)去,當(dāng)她摔到地上的時(shí)候,她的下巴開始流血并且她必須縫六針.醫(yī)生說(shuō)她只是昏了過(guò)去,但是我關(guān)心為什么她象那樣顫抖.我非常害怕她再注射第三針.”
“My 14 year old daughter had a toxic reaction to her hepatitis B vaccinations. Prior to the vaccines, my daughter competed in the National Junior Olympics and has always been an ‘A’ student. This has changed. She currently is suffering from chronic fatigue, dizziness, memory loss and sore joints. We have put her through a series of medical tests. She has evidence of autoimmune disease. The recommendation is to treat her with immuno-suppressive drugs or intravenous gammaglobulin. This is her life. I am very concerned. It breaks my heart. I write this with tears in my eyes. Please Help.”
“我的14歲大的女兒對(duì)于B型肝炎疫苗接種有中毒反應(yīng).在接種之前,我的女兒經(jīng)常在國(guó)家少年奧林匹克比賽,并且總是拿A的學(xué)生.這一切改變了.她目前正被慢性疲勞,頭昏眼花,記憶力衰退以及關(guān)節(jié)痛折磨.我們已經(jīng)讓她進(jìn)行了一系列的醫(yī)學(xué)檢查.她有自身免疫性疾病的證據(jù).給我們的建議是讓她服用免抑制疫力的藥物或者靜脈用丙種球蛋白.這就是她的生活.我非常擔(dān)憂.這使我都心碎了.我含著眼淚寫了這些文字.請(qǐng)幫幫我.”
“Ever since I received the hepatitis B vaccine I have had weakness and heaviness in my legs, among other symptoms. I’ve seen several doctors and had many tests to determine what is wrong with me. I fall in the category of multiple sclerosis-like symptoms.”
“自從我接種了B型肝炎疫苗,除了其他癥狀外,我還變得虛弱,腿變得沉重.我已經(jīng)瞧過(guò)了幾位醫(yī)生,經(jīng)過(guò)了許多測(cè)試來(lái)確診我犯了什么毛病.我變成了類多硬化癥患者.”
“I was forced to receive the hepatitis B vaccine because my job placed me at ‘high’ risk. At first I experienced weired symptoms, then developed multiple sclerosis.”
“因?yàn)槲业墓ぷ髯屛姨幵凇�高’危情況下,我被強(qiáng)迫接種B型肝炎疫苗.起初我經(jīng)歷了奇怪的癥狀,然后我就成了多硬化癥.”

CHICKENPOX
水痘

Chickenpox, or varicella, is a contagious disease caused by a virus. The technical name for this virus is varicella-zoster, a member of the herpes virus family. Chickenpox is considered by many experts to be a relatively harmless childhood disease. Symptoms include a fever, runny nose, sore throat, and an itchy skin rash which can appear anywhere on the body. The rash and disease usually disappear after one or two weeks. The disease confers permanent immunity; the child will not contract it again.
水痘是一種病毒引起的接觸傳染性疾病.這種病毒的專業(yè)名稱是帶狀疹子水痘,它是皰疹病毒家族中的一員.許多專家認(rèn)為水痘是一種相對(duì)無(wú)害的兒童疾病.癥狀包括發(fā)燒,流鼻涕,嗓子疼,以及在身體任何部位都可能出現(xiàn)的發(fā)癢皮疹.皮疹和病通常在一到兩周后消失.該病提供了永久的免疫性;小孩不會(huì)再感染這種疾病.
A chickenpox vaccine has been available since the 1970s, but authorities were reluctant to license and promote it because the disease is rarely dangerous and confers lifelong immunity. Still, in 1995 the chickenpox vaccine was licensed for use in the U.S., and has been added to the list of “mandatory” shots in several states.
水痘疫苗自從1970年代以來(lái)就應(yīng)用了,但是因?yàn)檫@種病不怎么危險(xiǎn)并且提供了終生免疫,因此權(quán)威機(jī)構(gòu)不愿批準(zhǔn)以及改良這種疫苗.但是在1995年,水痘疫苗還是在美國(guó)批準(zhǔn)使用了,并且在幾個(gè)州都加到了”強(qiáng)制性”注射的清單里面.

Findings: Chickenpox can be itchy and uncomfortable for a few days. Serious problems are rare. In fact, before a chickenpox vaccine was introduced, doctors used to recommend exposing your child to the virus, and parents organized “chickenpox parties,” because complication rates increase when the disease is contracted by teenagers or adults. Every year, of the millions of people who contract this disease, about 50 die from related complications. Many of these are in adults who did not have chickenpox as a child, or in previously unhealthy children with already weakened immune systems from other diseases, such as AIDS, leukemia, or cancer.
結(jié)論:得了水痘會(huì)好幾天很癢并且很不舒服.嚴(yán)重的問(wèn)題很少發(fā)生.實(shí)際上,在水痘使用之前,醫(yī)生過(guò)去建議讓孩子接觸這種病毒,父母還為孩子們組織”水痘聚會(huì)”,因?yàn)檫@種病被青少年以及成人感染的時(shí)候,并發(fā)癥比率增加了很多.每年那些感染了這種病的成千上萬(wàn)的人有大約50個(gè)死于相關(guān)并發(fā)癥.這些人中間的許多是那些兒童時(shí)期沒有得過(guò)水痘的人,或者那些在兒童時(shí)期就不太健康,免疫系統(tǒng)本來(lái)就很弱的人(容易感染AIDS,白血病,或者癌癥).
Prior to licensing the chickenpox vaccine, an important study concluded that a national chickenpox vaccination campaign would shift the age distribution of chickenpox cases from children, who are not likely to experience problems with this disease, to teenagers and adults, who have higher complication rates. Yet, this did not stop authorities from licensing and mandating this vaccine, because “the U.S. could save fine times as much as it would spend” on this shot by avoiding the costs incurred by moms and dads who stay home to care for their sick children.
在批準(zhǔn)水痘疫苗之前,一個(gè)重要的研究斷定,全國(guó)性的水痘接種運(yùn)動(dòng)將會(huì)把水痘病例的年齡分布從得這種病沒有什么問(wèn)題的兒童時(shí)期轉(zhuǎn)移到青少年和成人時(shí)期,這些時(shí)期的人會(huì)有更高的并發(fā)癥幾率.然而,這并沒有能夠組織權(quán)威機(jī)構(gòu)批準(zhǔn)并強(qiáng)制使用這種疫苗,因?yàn)椤泵绹?guó)能夠節(jié)省因?yàn)樗�痘而花去的大好時(shí)光”,因?yàn)樽⑸淞诉@種疫苗之后,就可以避免父母親因?yàn)榇粼诩依镎疹櫳�病的孩子而發(fā)生的費(fèi)用.
Efficacy rates for the chickenpox vaccine have not been reliably established. The vaccine is not effective in children under 12 months, and in all pre-licensure trials some vaccinated children contracted chickenpox. “Vaccine failures” and/or the development of a rash virtually indistinguishable from chickenpox, account for many of the documented (and undocumented) complaints associated with this shot. According to an FDA report, approximately 1 in 10 vaccinated children develop “breakthrough disease” following exposure to chickenpox. Actual figures are worse because some people do not report their reactions, and because vaccinated children who contract shingles or some other disease as a result of the shot are not listed as recipients of an ineffective or failed vaccine.
水痘疫苗的有效率還沒有得到可靠的建立.疫苗對(duì)于小于12個(gè)月的嬰兒無(wú)效,并且在所有的批準(zhǔn)之前的試驗(yàn)中,一些注射了疫苗的孩子還是感染了水痘.由于許多記載(以及沒有記載)的與這種注射有關(guān)的病, ”疫苗失敗”和/或皮疹的進(jìn)展實(shí)際上和水痘無(wú)法區(qū)別.根據(jù)FDA的報(bào)告,大約1/10的接種兒童在接觸水痘之后得了”突破性疾病”.因?yàn)橐恍┤藳]有報(bào)告他們的反應(yīng),并且由于注射接種后導(dǎo)致感染帶狀皰疹或者某種其他疾病的接種兒童不算做無(wú)效或者疫苗失敗的例子, 所以實(shí)際數(shù)據(jù)更為糟糕.
When the chickenpox vaccine was first licensed, product inserts from a chickenpox vaccine manufacturer contained a warning that vaccinated individuals “may” be capable of transmitting the vaccine virus to close contacts, and that vaccine recipients “should avoid close association with susceptible high risk individuals” such as newborns, pregnant women, and immuno-compromised individuals. A recent study published in the Journal of Pediatrics confirmed that vaccinated children can spread the disease. Recently published federal data includes numerous cases of these “unintentional exposures.” As a result, the CDC and FDA had to admit that “secondary transmission of the virus can occur.” Today, product labels for the chickenpox vaccine list “secondary transmission” of the vaccine virus as a known adverse event. In other words, children vaccinated with the chickenpox shot are mobile carriers of the virus, and can spread this highly contagious disease to every susceptible person they come into contact with.
當(dāng)水痘疫苗首次批準(zhǔn)之后,水痘疫苗制造商的產(chǎn)品說(shuō)明里面包含了這樣的警告:接種的個(gè)體”也許”會(huì)傳播疫苗病毒給密切接觸者,并且疫苗的接種者”應(yīng)避免與可疑的高危個(gè)體的密切接觸”,諸如新生兒,懷孕的婦女,以及免疫力較差的個(gè)體.<小兒科>上公布的最近的一個(gè)研究證實(shí)了接種的兒童會(huì)傳播這種疾病.最近公布的聯(lián)合數(shù)據(jù)包括了許多”無(wú)意接觸”的病例.結(jié)果,CDC以及FDA不得不承認(rèn)”病毒的再次傳播會(huì)發(fā)生.”今天,水痘的產(chǎn)品標(biāo)簽列出了疫苗病毒的”二次傳播”這一所知的不利事項(xiàng).換句話說(shuō),接種了水痘注射劑的兒童是病毒的移動(dòng)載體,并且能夠?qū)⑦@種高接觸性傳染疾病傳播給那些被接觸的可疑人群.
The FDA and CDC recently studied 6,574 reports of adverse reactions to the chickenpox vaccine and published their findings in the Journal of the American Medical Association. Here is a summary of their findings: Adverse reactions in recipients of the chickenpox vaccine occurred at a rate of 67.5 reports per 100,000 doses sold. Approximately four percent of reports described “serious” adverse reactions. By FDA definition, “serious” reactions refer to deaths, life-threatening events, hospitalizations, persistent or significant disabilities, and other incidents of medical importance. For example, the data analyzed in this review included numerous cases of neurological disorders, immune system damage, blood disorders, brain inflammation, seizures, and death.
FDA和CDC最近研究了6,574例水痘疫苗有害反應(yīng)的報(bào)告,并將他們的發(fā)現(xiàn)公布在<美國(guó)醫(yī)學(xué)聯(lián)合會(huì)期刊>上.這里是他們的發(fā)現(xiàn)的一個(gè)總結(jié):水痘疫苗接種者的有害反應(yīng)以每售出100,000劑有67.5%的報(bào)告比率發(fā)生.大約4%的報(bào)告描述了”嚴(yán)重的”有害反應(yīng).根據(jù)FDA的定義,”嚴(yán)重”反應(yīng)指死亡,威脅到生命的事件,住院治療,永久性或者重大的殘疾,以及其他重大的醫(yī)療事故.例如,這些重新檢查了的數(shù)據(jù)包括大量的神經(jīng)紊亂病例,免疫系統(tǒng)損傷病例,血液紊亂病例,腦炎,驚厥以及死亡.
If we take the FDA analysis at face value, serious reactions to the chickpenpox vaccine struck at a rate of four percent. This included victims in all age groups. However, children up to four years old had serious reactions at a rate of 6.3 percent; children up to two years old had serious reactions at a rate of 9.2 percent; and children vaccinated (by mistake) between birth and their first year of life had serious reactions at an astonishing rate of 14 percent! (Figure 19)
如果我們暫且接受FDA的分析,水痘疫苗的嚴(yán)重反應(yīng)達(dá)到了4%的比率.這包括了所有年齡群的患者.然而,到4歲為止的兒童有6.3%的嚴(yán)重反應(yīng)率;到兩歲為止的兒童有9.2%的反應(yīng)率;并且那些錯(cuò)誤接種的在出生到一歲大年齡之間的兒童在嚴(yán)重反應(yīng)比率方面達(dá)到了驚人的14%.

The FDA and CDC findings included case histories. For example, a healthy 18-month-old boy who “had no history of allergy or any prior postvaccinal adverse event” before receiving the chickenpox vaccine (and others), was admitted to the intensive care unit four days later with a low platelet count. “He began to bleed from the mouth…and died two days later from cerebral hemorrhage.”
FDA以及CDC的發(fā)現(xiàn)包括了病例史.例如,一個(gè)健康的18個(gè)月大的男孩在接種水痘疫苗(以及其他疫苗)之前”沒有敏感癥或者任何接種后會(huì)表現(xiàn)出來(lái)的有害現(xiàn)象”,但在接種之后卻因?yàn)檠�小板�?jì)數(shù)低而住進(jìn)了加護(hù)病房四天.”他開始嘴里流血…并且兩天后死于腦出血”
Another child “without previous convulsions” had a seizure three days after varicella vaccine. Following his second dose one month later, he reacted with two tonic-clonic seizures. Researchers concluded, “This patient’s positive rechallenge for seizure activity increases suspicion that varicella vaccine may be more than a coincidental factor in observations of postvaccinal convulsions.”
另一個(gè)”從來(lái)不犯抽搐癥的”小孩在接種了水痘疫苗之后三天開始抽搐.在一個(gè)月后當(dāng)他接種了第二劑疫苗之后,他發(fā)生了兩次強(qiáng)直陣孿.研究人員斷定,”這個(gè)病人對(duì)于驚厥行為刺激的反應(yīng)度的激發(fā)增強(qiáng)了對(duì)這一事件的懷疑:在對(duì)接種后的抽搐觀測(cè)中,水痘疫苗也許不止是一個(gè)巧合的因素.”
The FDA and CDC findings also included numerous reports of vaccine recipients developing herpes zoster, or shingles, a painful skin eruption that can last for several weeks. This affliction can occur again and again, months or years following the shot. Once the varicella virus is injected into the body, it remains there indefinitely and can reactivate when immunity declines. According to Dr. Dennis Klinman of the FDA’s Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, and the author of a 2000 study published in Nature Medicine, reactivation of the latent infection can occur following vaccination with the live attenuated varicella zoster virus (chickenpox vaccine). “As immunity declines, the latent virus wakes up.” Earlier studies, including one published in the New England Journal of Medicine, already showed this link between the chickenpox vaccine and herpes zoster.
FDA和CDC的發(fā)現(xiàn)還包括很多接種者得了帶狀皰疹的報(bào)告(一種可以持續(xù)數(shù)周的疼痛皮膚出疹).這種痛苦在接種了注射劑之后的年月里會(huì)一再發(fā)生.一旦水痘病毒注射到身體里面,它們能夠潛伏起來(lái)并且在免疫力下降的時(shí)候再活動(dòng).據(jù)FDA生物制劑和研究中心的Dennis Klinman博士以及一位在<自然醫(yī)藥>上面發(fā)表了對(duì)2000人進(jìn)行了研究的作者說(shuō),潛在感染的重新活躍會(huì)在接種了活性弱水痘疫苗之后發(fā)生.”由于免疫力下降,潛在的病毒蘇醒了.”包括一個(gè)發(fā)表在<新英格蘭醫(yī)學(xué)期刊>的那些早期的研究已經(jīng)顯示了水痘疫苗和帶狀皰疹之間的聯(lián)系.
Additional corroboration of vaccine-included shingles can be found in the following personal stories typical of the unsolicited email received by the Thinktwice Global Vaccine Institute:
其他疫苗相關(guān)的帶狀皰疹的確證事實(shí)可以在以下個(gè)人的故事里面找到,這些故事來(lái)自于<三思全球疫苗研究所>收到的日常的由他人主動(dòng)提供的典型的電子郵件.
“I made the foolish decision to get my daughter the chickenpox vaccine. Within a few days she had an outbreak of pox. Now, a year later, she has another outbreak but I can’t convince a doctor since she’s supposedly immune due to the shot.”
“我做了這個(gè)愚蠢的決定:讓我的女兒注射了水痘疫苗.在幾天之內(nèi),她爆發(fā)了疹子.一年后的現(xiàn)在,她又發(fā)了一次,但是由于她已經(jīng)被認(rèn)為由于免疫注射而獲得了免疫能力,因此我不能讓醫(yī)生相信這個(gè)事情.”
“My twins were immunized with the chickenpox vaccine. Ever since they received the shot, they have had a recurring rash that looks like chickenpox. It first showed up three days after vaccinations. Nothing works to treat the bumps. The bumps are concentrated in one area, typical of shingles. Our doctors deny it, so basically we just have to deal with this. I wish I had never vaccinated them against chickenpox. My other children caught chickenpox naturally and it never hurt any of them. Please pass this letter on to others who are considering this vaccine so they can make a better decision.”
“我的雙胞胎孩子接種了水痘疫苗產(chǎn)生免疫能力.自從他們接受了注射以后,他們已經(jīng)一再發(fā)作象水痘一樣的皮疹.這在接種之后的三天內(nèi)首次出現(xiàn).對(duì)于腫塊毫無(wú)辦法.腫塊集中在一個(gè)區(qū)域,這是典型的帶狀皰疹.我們的醫(yī)生否認(rèn)這個(gè)事情,因此基本上我們不得不自己應(yīng)付這件事情.我但愿我從來(lái)從來(lái)沒有給他們注射過(guò)水痘疫苗.我的其他孩子自然得的水痘,它一點(diǎn)都沒有傷害到他們中的任何一個(gè).請(qǐng)將這封信轉(zhuǎn)告那些為了作出更好的決定而考慮這種疫苗的人.”

HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE TYPE B
侵襲性B型嗜血桿菌
(HIB)
Haemophilus influenzae type b, or Hib (no relation to the flu), is a serious bacterial infection that can cause meningitis, pneumonia, swelling of the throat, and other disease complications. Hib is spread through sneezing, coughing, and secretions from an infected person. Treatment mainly consists of intravenously administered antibiotics. Oxygen therapy and other medical tactics may also be required.
HIB(與流感沒有關(guān)系)是一種能夠引起腦膜炎,肺炎,喉嚨腫脹以及其他疾病并發(fā)癥的嚴(yán)重的細(xì)菌感染.HIB通過(guò)噴嚏,咳嗽以及被感染人員的分泌物傳播.治療主要是靜脈給用抗生素.氧氣治療以及其他醫(yī)療方式也許也需要.
In 1985, the first of several Hib vaccines was licensed for use in the U.S. This vaccine was ineffective in children under age two, so it was quickly recommended for all children two years old or older—even though 75 percent of all Hib cases occur before the age of two years. From 1987 to 1990, several new “conjugated” Hib vaccines were licensed. By 1991, Hib vaccines were recommended for use in infants as young as two months.
1985年,第一種HIB疫苗在美國(guó)批準(zhǔn)使用了.這種疫苗對(duì)于小于兩歲的兒童無(wú)效,因此它被很快推薦給所有兩歲或者大于兩歲的兒童使用—盡管所有HIB的75%已經(jīng)在兩歲前就已經(jīng)發(fā)生了.從1987年到1990年,幾種新”配對(duì)的”HIB疫苗批準(zhǔn)使用了.到1991年,HIB疫苗被推薦在小到兩個(gè)月的嬰兒身上使用.

Findings: During the 1970s and 1980s, there were an estimated 16,000 to 20,000 Hib infections per year in the U.S. Meningitis (inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord) occurred in about half of the cases. Around 25 percent of all Hib infections caused hearing loss, neurological problems, or pneumonia. Inflammation of the throat accounted for nearly 15 percent of cases. The mortality rate was about four percent.
結(jié)論:在1970年代以及1980年代期間,據(jù)估計(jì)在美國(guó)每年有16,000到20,000例HIB感染.腦膜炎在半數(shù)的病例中發(fā)生.大約25%的HIB感染引起了聽力喪失,神經(jīng)問(wèn)題,或者肺炎.喉嚨發(fā)炎占了將近15%的病例.死亡率大約是4%.
Hib infections occurred at a much lower rate during the 1940s and 1950s. In fact, Hib rates jumped 400 percent between 1946 and 1986—a period coinciding with mass use of the DPT vaccine. Several factors appear to implicate this highly reactive combination shot. Rates tumbled beginning in the 1990s, with just 329 cases of Hib in American children under five years of age in 1994, 259 cases in 1995, and 144 cases in 1996 and 1997 combined.
HIB感染在1940年代以及1950年代期間的發(fā)生率要低得多.實(shí)際上,HIB的發(fā)生率在1946年到1986年間跳高了400%--正是一個(gè)與DPT疫苗的大量使用相應(yīng)的時(shí)期.幾個(gè)因素使得這種具有高反應(yīng)性的組合注射變得復(fù)雜.發(fā)生率在1990年代開始下降,1994年在美國(guó)只有329例低于五歲的兒童病例,1995年是259例,以及1996年和1997年一共144例.
Sixty percent of all Hib cases occur in children less than 12 months of age; 90 percent occur in children less than five years old. Native American Indians, Eskimo children, African-Americans, and children from lower socioeconomic families are all at increased risk of contracting Hib. In the U.S., African-American children are four times as likely to contract Hib as white children.
所有HIB病例的60%發(fā)生在小于12個(gè)月的兒童身上;90%發(fā)生在小于5歲的兒童身上.本地美洲印第安人,愛斯基摩兒童,非洲裔美國(guó)人以及其他社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)條件比較低的家庭的兒童都正在日益增長(zhǎng)的感染HIB的危險(xiǎn)之中.在美國(guó),非洲裔美國(guó)兒童比起白人兒童來(lái)有高出四倍的可能性感染HIB.
Children are at risk of contracting Hib disease following their Hib vaccinations. Doctors have been warned by the CDC that cases may occur after vaccination, “prior to the onset of the protective effects of the vaccine.” Studies warn of “increased susceptibility” to the disease during the first seven days after vaccination. The American Academy of Pediatrics has warned doctors to look for signs of the disease in children following vaccination. In fact, several studies found that Hib-vaccinated children are up to six times more likely than non-Hib-vaccinated children to contract Hib during the first week following vaccination. In one study of children who contracted Hib at least three weeks after their shot, more than 70 percent developed meningitis. Additional research has confirmed that antibody levels decline rather than increase immediately following Hib vaccinations—even with the newer conjugated Hib vaccines—placing the child at greater risk for invasive disease.
兒童在接種HIB疫苗之后,處于感染HIB疾病的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)之中.醫(yī)生已經(jīng)警告了CDC接種之后也許會(huì)有病情發(fā)生,”在疫苗的保護(hù)性效果發(fā)生之前發(fā)生.”一些研究提出了在接種疫苗之后的第一個(gè)七天對(duì)于該病”增長(zhǎng)的易感性”警告.美國(guó)兒科研究院已經(jīng)警告醫(yī)生在接種疫苗之后觀察疾病的跡象.實(shí)際上,幾個(gè)研究發(fā)現(xiàn), 在接種后的第一周HIB接種兒童比起沒有接種的兒童有高出六倍的可能性得HIB.在對(duì)注射之后至少三周感染了HIB的兒童的一個(gè)研究中,多于70%的人變成了腦膜炎.其他研究已經(jīng)證實(shí)抗體水平在接種HIB疫苗之后立即下降而不是上升—甚至采用較新的配對(duì)HIB疫苗也是如此—讓兒童處在了侵入性疾病的更高的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)之中.
Here is a letter from a distraught mother confirming an increased susceptibility to the disease following vaccination:
這是一封來(lái)自一位極度苦惱的母親的信,她的事例證實(shí)了接種疫苗之后得該病的增長(zhǎng)了可能性.
“My daughter was born a healthy baby girl and was progressing great. Then I got a vaccine reminder in the mail. I made an appointment, got her shots, and one week later my daughter was dead. The autopsy report stated: ‘Haemophilus influenzae.’ She was not ill in any way, but now my baby is dead. They keep saying it can’t happen, but what more proof do they need? I have a dead baby who died of the disease that she was supposed to be immune to.”
“我的女兒出生的時(shí)候是一個(gè)健康的女嬰并且發(fā)育得很好.然后我從郵件中收到了疫苗接種的通知.我約見了醫(yī)生并給她注射了疫苗,一周之后我的女兒死了.尸檢報(bào)告說(shuō):”HIB.”她一點(diǎn)都沒有病,但是現(xiàn)在我的寶寶死了.他們一直說(shuō)這不可能發(fā)生,但是他們還需要更多的證據(jù)嗎?我死去的寶寶就是死于認(rèn)為她應(yīng)當(dāng)被免疫的疾病.”
Hib vaccines are often given simultaneously with other vaccines. Some drug companies combine the Hib vaccine with DTaP. Thus, when a child has an adverse reaction to the shot, it is often difficult to ascertain which component of the vaccine (or of the several simultaneously administered vaccines) was responsible. Nevertheless, the medical literature contains numerous reports confirming likely correlations between the Hib vaccine and serious ailments, including: Gguillain-Barre syndrome, transverse myelitis (paralysis of the spinal cord), aseptic meningitis, invasive pneumococcal disease, thrombocytopenia (a decrease in blood platelets leading to internal bleeding), erythema multiforme, fever, rash, hives, vomiting, diarrhea, seizures, convulsions, and sudden infant death syndrome.
HIB疫苗通常同時(shí)和其他疫苗一起給用.一些醫(yī)藥公司將HIB疫苗和DTaP疫苗混合使用.因此,當(dāng)一個(gè)孩子對(duì)于注射有有害反應(yīng)的時(shí)候,經(jīng)常難以確定疫苗的哪一部分出了問(wèn)題(或者都有問(wèn)題).然而,醫(yī)學(xué)文獻(xiàn)中記載了很多HIB疫苗和其他嚴(yán)重疾病之間確認(rèn)的可能的聯(lián)系,包括: Gguillain-Barre綜合癥,橫向脊髓炎(脊髓的癱瘓),無(wú)菌腦炎,***,血小板減少癥,多種形式的紅斑,發(fā)燒,皮疹,麻疹,嘔吐,腹瀉,驚厥,抽搐以及嬰兒卒死綜合癥.
The Hib vaccine may also be linked to new epidemics of diabetes. Sharp increases of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus have been recorded in the USA, England, and other European countries following mass immunization campaigns with the Hib vaccine. In a landmark study published in the British Medical Journal, more than 200,000 Finnish children were split into three groups. The first group received no doses of the Hib vaccine. The second group received one dose of the Hib vaccine (at 24 months of age). The third group received four doses of the Hib vaccine (at 3, 4, 6, and 18 months of age). At ages seven and ten, the total number of cases of type 1 diabetes in all three groups was tallied.
HIB疫苗也許還可以和新的流行性糖尿病聯(lián)系起來(lái).在HIB疫苗接種的大規(guī)模的免疫運(yùn)動(dòng)之后,美國(guó),英格蘭以及其他歐洲國(guó)家記載了依賴于胰島素蜜劑的糖尿病的劇烈增長(zhǎng).在一個(gè)發(fā)表在<英國(guó)醫(yī)學(xué)期刊>的里程碑式的研究中,超過(guò)200,000芬蘭兒童分成了三組.第一組沒有接種HIB疫苗.第二組接種了一劑HIB疫苗(24個(gè)月大的時(shí)候).第三組接種了四劑HIB疫苗(分別在3,4,6以及18個(gè)月大的時(shí)候).在7歲和10歲的時(shí)候,三組實(shí)驗(yàn)的1型糖尿病的總數(shù)記錄了下來(lái).
Results: At age seven, there were 54 more cases per 100,000 children in the group that received four doses of the Hib vaccine when compared to the group that received no doses—a 26 percent increase! At age ten, there were 58 more cases per 100,000 children in the group that received four doses of the Hib vaccine when compared to the group that received no doses (Figure 20). Based on an annual birth rate of about 4 million children, in the U.S. alone this translates into 2,300 additional (and avoidable) cases of diabetes every year. (Each case of insulin dependent diabetes is estimated to cost more than $1 million in medical costs and lost productivity.) By contrast, the Hib vaccine is expected to prevent a much smaller number of severe disabilities. These figures depict significant differences, and according to some experts who analyzed the data, a causal relationship between the Hib vaccine and type 1 diabetes is supported. Furthermore, “the increased risk of diabetes in the vaccinated group exceeds the expected decreased risk of complications of Hib meningitis.” Thus, these experts issued a warning to the public that, in their estimation, “the potential risk of the vaccine exceeds the potential benefit.”
結(jié)果:七歲的時(shí)候,比起沒有接種的組,接種了四劑的組每100,000個(gè)兒童中多出了54例—增長(zhǎng)了26%!十歲的時(shí)候多出了58例(圖20).基于大約4百萬(wàn)兒童的年出生率,每年單在美國(guó)這就意味著有2,300例多出來(lái)的(本可以避免的)糖尿病.(每個(gè)依賴于胰島素的病例估計(jì)要花超過(guò)1百萬(wàn)美圓醫(yī)療費(fèi)用,并且這些人失去了工作能力.)相比而言,HIB只不過(guò)是用來(lái)預(yù)防一個(gè)小得多的嚴(yán)重殘疾的病例.這些數(shù)字描述了重大的差異,并且根據(jù)一些分析這些數(shù)據(jù)的專家說(shuō),HIB疫苗和1型糖尿病之間的因果關(guān)系得到了支持.而且,”接種人群的糖尿病的增長(zhǎng)了的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)超過(guò)了HIB腦炎并發(fā)癥的預(yù)期降低的風(fēng)險(xiǎn).”因此,依據(jù)他們的判斷,這些專家對(duì)公眾發(fā)出了警告,”疫苗潛在的危險(xiǎn)超過(guò)了潛在的好處.”
Personal stories by concerned parents confirm that the vaccine may be more detrimental than beneficial:
相關(guān)父母的私人故事證實(shí)了該疫苗的害處也許比它的好處更大:
“I have a son who was diagnosed with diabetes six months after his first Hib shot. Two of his friends were also diagnosed six months after their first Hib shot. There is no history of diabetes in any of these families.”
“我的兒子注射了第一次HIB疫苗六個(gè)月之后,就被診斷出得了糖尿病.他的兩個(gè)朋友也是如此.這些家庭中沒有任何糖尿病史.”
“Our 10-year-old daughter was diagnosed with diabetes [a few months after she received her Hib vaccine].”
“我們的10歲大的女兒診斷出糖尿病[在她接種了HIB疫苗的幾個(gè)月后].”
“My daughter received a Hib vaccine a few months before she was diagnosed with type 1 diabetes.”
“我的女兒接種了HIB疫苗之后幾個(gè)月,就得了1型糖尿病.”

PNEUMOCOCCAL DISEASE
肺炎球菌病

Streptococcus pneumoniae, or pneumococcal disease, is a serious bacterial illness that can cause meningitis, pneumonia, ear infections, sinusitis, and bacteremia (an infection of the blood). The pneumococcal pathogen consists of approximately 90 different strains, including serogroups 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6B, 7F, 8, 9N, 9V, 10A, 11A, 12F, 18C, 19A, 26, 51, 54, 68, and so on.
鏈球菌肺炎，或者肺炎病是一種能夠引起腦膜炎，肺炎，耳朵感染，竇炎以及菌血癥（血液感染)的嚴(yán)重細(xì)菌疾病.肺炎病菌由大約90種不同種類組成,包括1型血清組,2,3,4,5,6B,7F,8,9N,9V,10A,11A,12F,18C,19A,26,51,54,68等等.
A vaccine containing 23 strains of the pneumococcal germ has been available for many years. Authorities recommend it for seniors and “high risk” children over age two—even though studies show it to be ineffective at preventing pneumococcal infections.
包含了23種肺炎細(xì)菌的疫苗多年以來(lái)就發(fā)明了.權(quán)威機(jī)構(gòu)推薦年齡較大的以及超過(guò)兩周歲的”高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)”的兒童使用—盡管研究顯示這種疫苗在預(yù)防肺炎感染方面無(wú)效.
In 2000, the FDA approved a new vaccine—Prevnar or PCV7—for children 23 months and younger. It contains seven of the estimated 90 different pneumococcal strains and is given as a four dose series starting at two months of age (Figure 21).
2000年,FDA批準(zhǔn)了一種23月大和更小的孩子使用的新的疫苗(叫Prevnar或者PCV7).它包含了90種不同的評(píng)估了的肺炎病菌中的七種,并且從兩個(gè)月大就開始給小孩種植,一種種植4劑(圖21).
Findings: Most healthy children are not at risk from this disease. In fact, according to the Red Book Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases published by the American Academy of Pediatrics, “[Pneumococcal infections in children] are more likely to occur when predisposing conditions exist, including immunoglobulin deficiency, Hodgkin’s disease, congenital or acquired immunodeficiency (including HIV), nephritic syndrome, some viral upper respiratory tract infections, splenic dysfunction, splenectomy and organ transplantation.
結(jié)論:多數(shù)健康兒童不會(huì)受到這種疾病的威脅.實(shí)際上,根據(jù)<美國(guó)兒科學(xué)會(huì)>公布的<傳染病委員會(huì)紅皮書報(bào)告>,”[兒童肺炎感染]在易于引發(fā)的條件下更容易存在,包括免疫球蛋白缺陷, Hodgkin病,天生的或者獲得的免疫缺陷(包括HIV),腎臟綜合癥,一些上呼吸道感染,脾臟功能紊亂,脾切除以及器官移植.
Efficacy of the pneumococcal 7-valent conjugate vaccine (Prevnar) was assessed based upon a study in which babies injected with the new vaccine were compared to babies injected with other vaccines. A true controlled study comparing babies vaccinated with pneumococcus to non-vaccinated babies was never conducted.
肺炎7價(jià)的配對(duì)疫苗(Prevnar)的效果基于一個(gè)研究來(lái)評(píng)估,在這個(gè)研究中注射了新的疫苗的嬰兒和注射了其他疫苗的嬰兒互相比較.一個(gè)真正可控的接種了肺炎疫苗和沒有接種疫苗的嬰兒的情況的比較從來(lái)都沒有過(guò).
In practical terms, it will be nearly impossible to tell how well the pneumococcal shot really works because its efficacy is only determined by its protection against bacterial disease caused by the seven strains included in the vaccine. This vaccine will not protect against pneumococcal disease caused by any of the several dozen other strains of streptococcus pneumoniae. Nor will this vaccine protect against bacterial infections caused by hemophilus influenzae type b or meninggococcus.
實(shí)際上,誰(shuí)也說(shuō)不清肺炎疫苗注射劑能夠起到什么作用,因?yàn)樗�的效果只是由它能夠預(yù)防疫苗中的七種細(xì)菌引起的細(xì)菌疾病決定.這種疫苗不會(huì)預(yù)防七種之外的其他種類的鏈球菌引起的肺炎病.這種疫苗也不會(huì)預(yù)防由B型hemophilus influenzae或者meninggococcus引起的細(xì)菌感染.
This conjugated pneumococcal vaccine is relatively new. No one will know for sure just how safe (or unsafe) it is until after it has been “tested” on millions of children. According to the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), “Available data suggest that PCV7 (Prevnar) may prove to be among the most reactogenic vaccine of those currently used…”
這種配對(duì)肺炎疫苗是相當(dāng)新的.直到它在數(shù)百萬(wàn)的兒童身上”測(cè)試”之后,沒有人確定地知道它多有效.根據(jù)<美國(guó)小兒科學(xué)會(huì)>(AAP)的說(shuō)法,”可獲得的數(shù)據(jù)間接表明PCV7(Prevnar)也許證明是那些當(dāng)前正在使用的疫苗中的最有有害作用的疫苗…”
The package inserts produced by the vaccine manufacturer list several adverse reactions that occurred following trials of the vaccine. Although the manufacturer does not admit a causative relationship between this vaccine and many of these reactions, parents who are considering this vaccine may wish to weigh the implications. Such reactions included: asthma, seizures, pneumonia, diabetes, autoimmune disease, ear infections, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, wheezing, croup, and sudden infant death syndrome.
疫苗制造商生產(chǎn)的包單列出了幾種接種疫苗試驗(yàn)之后發(fā)生的有害反應(yīng).盡管制造商不承認(rèn)這種疫苗和許多反應(yīng)之間的因果關(guān)系,考慮這種疫苗的父母也許想斟酌其中暗含的東西.這樣的反應(yīng)包括:哮喘,驚厥,肺炎,糖尿病,自身免疫性疾病,耳朵感染,嗜中性白血球減少癥,血小板減少癥,喘息,義膜性喉炎,以及嬰兒卒死綜合癥.
Personal stories confirm a probable link to adverse reactions:
證實(shí)了與有害反應(yīng)的可能聯(lián)系的個(gè)人事例如下:
“My 6-month-old received Prevnar two days ago. She vomited that evening. The injection site is very inflamed. It looks like a burn [and] has a big knot under it that…extends from the site like a finger.”
“我六個(gè)月大的孩子兩天前接種了Prevnar.她當(dāng)天晚上就嘔吐.注射的地方非常紅腫.看起來(lái)就象燒傷[并且]在皮下有一個(gè)大結(jié)節(jié),這個(gè)結(jié)節(jié)…從注射的地方象一根手指頭似的延伸了出來(lái).”
“My 12-month-old daughter just received Prevnar [and other vaccines]. She vomited for three hours and had diarrhea. My baby was admitted to the hospital and diagnosed with pneumonia.”
“我12個(gè)月大的女兒剛接種了Prevnar[以及其他疫苗].她嘔吐了三個(gè)小時(shí)并且腹瀉.我的寶寶送到了醫(yī)院并查出了肺炎.”

MENINGOCOCCAL DISEASE
流腦

Neisseria meningitides, or meningococcal disease, is a serious bacterial illness that can cause meningitis and meningococcemia, or septicaemia (blood poisoning). The meningococcal pathogen consists of at least 13 different strains, including serogroups A, B, C, Y, W-135, 29E, and Z. Serogroup C (alternately referred to as Meningoccus C, MenC, or Meningitis C), accounts for about 20 percent of all cases of meningococcal disease in the United States and 40 percent of all cases in the United Kingdom (Figure 22).
流腦是一種能夠引起腦膜炎和腦膜炎球菌血癥或者敗血癥的嚴(yán)重的細(xì)菌疾病.流腦病原體由至少13種不同的種類組成,包括血清組A,B,C,Y,W-135,29E以及Z. 血清組C(也可稱為Meningoccus C, MenC, 或者M(jìn)eningitis C)這種病因占了美國(guó)所有流腦病的20%,英國(guó)的40%.{圖22}
At least three new meningococcal vaccines were recently developed and recommended for babies as young as two months.
最近改良了至少三種新的流腦疫苗并推薦給兩個(gè)月大的嬰兒使用.
Findings: Infants under one year of age are at greatest risk of contracting meningococcus. Children aged 1-5 years are the next highest risk group. Teens 15-19 are more susceptible to this disease as well. In 1998, Australia reported 421 cases of the disease, Canada had just 126 cases, and Japan made only six notifications. In the United States, outbreaks of group C meningococcal disease have been reported. The CDC estimates that “between 100 and 125 cases of meningitis occur among U.S. college students annually and cause 5 to 15 deaths.” However, no mention is made of the specific pathogen (a virus, Hib, pneumococcus, or meningococcus) responsible for these “estimated” cases of meningitis, nor does the CDC provide documentation to confirm their methods for making such estimates. The British Department of Health concedes that “Meningococcal infection is relatively rare, affecting approximately 5 in 100,000 people a year in the United Kingdom.”
結(jié)論:小于一歲的嬰兒有很大感染流腦的風(fēng)險(xiǎn).1到5歲大的兒童是第二個(gè)高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)人群.15到19歲的孩子對(duì)這種疾病更加敏感.1998年,澳大利亞報(bào)告了421例這種疾病,加拿大只有126例,日本只報(bào)告了六例.在美國(guó),C組流腦的爆發(fā)已經(jīng)報(bào)道了.CDC評(píng)估說(shuō)”每年在美國(guó)的大學(xué)生中有100到125例腦炎發(fā)生,并且引起了5到15例死亡.”然而并沒有提到確定的病原體(一種HIB,肺炎或者腦膜炎球菌病毒)是這些受到”評(píng)估的” 腦膜炎的原因,CDC也沒有提供材料來(lái)證實(shí)他們作出這些評(píng)估的方法.英國(guó)衛(wèi)生部承認(rèn)”流腦感染是較少的,在英國(guó)每年每100,000人大約感染5人.”
No one can know for sure just how safe the meningococcal vaccine is until after it has been on the market for several years. A fact sheet produced by the British Department of Health flatly states that “No adverse effects of the vaccine have been seen.” Yet, by September 5, 2000, less than one year after a nationwide Meningitis C vaccination campaign was initiated, the British Committee on Safety of Medicines (CSM) had received 7,742 Yellow Card reports—suspected adverse reactions—following administration of this vaccine, including at least 12 deaths. The British government tried to convince the public that most of the deaths were caused by sudden infant death syndrome.
直到流腦疫苗在市場(chǎng)上應(yīng)用幾年之前,沒有人確定地知道流腦疫苗有多安全.英國(guó)衛(wèi)生部的一份情況說(shuō)明書直接說(shuō):”沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)疫苗的反作用”然而,到2000年九月5號(hào)為止(全國(guó)性的C型腦膜炎運(yùn)動(dòng)發(fā)動(dòng)還不到一年),在使用了這種疫苗之后,英國(guó)藥品安全委員會(huì)(CSM)已經(jīng)收到了7,742份黃牌報(bào)告—可疑的反作用—包括至少12例死亡.英國(guó)政府設(shè)法使公眾相信多數(shù)的死亡是由嬰兒猝死綜合癥引起的.
The Meingitis C vaccine is designed to protect against bacterial disease caused by the C strain of the meningococcus pathogen—just 20 percent of all cases in the U.S. and 40 percent in the U.K. The vaccine does not contain the B strain of meningococcus—the most frequent cause of the disease (Figure 22). Nor is it possible for this vaccine to protect against bacterial disease caused by pneumococcus, haemophilus influenzae type b, or newly emerging atypical strains. Thus, when a person is vaccinated and still contracts bacterial disease, it will be difficult to determine whether the vaccine failed or whether the disease was caused by the vaccine, by another strain, or by a completely different bacterial pathogen.
C型腦膜炎疫苗是設(shè)計(jì)用來(lái)預(yù)防C類流腦病原體引起的細(xì)菌疾病—所有病例中這種病例在美國(guó)只占20%,英國(guó)只占40%.這種疫苗不含B類流腦—這種疾病的經(jīng)常性的原因(圖22).也不可能用這種疫苗來(lái)預(yù)防肺炎球菌,B型haemophilus influenzae或者新出現(xiàn)非典型的細(xì)菌引起的疾病.因此,當(dāng)一個(gè)人接種疫苗之后,并且還是感染了細(xì)菌性疾病,就很難判斷是這種疫苗失效了還是這種病是由這種疫苗引起的,由它種細(xì)菌引起的或者由其他完全不同的細(xì)菌病原體引起的.
The following experience typifies the possibilities:” When I was in high school my parents had me vaccinated for meningitis. Following my vaccination, I ended up in the hospital with a major infection that attacked every area of my system. My parents told me that for the first two days that I was hospitalized I did not even recognize them. The doctors performed a lumbar puncture on me. This procedure involved freezing my mid-section so they could insert a large needle into the pit of my spinal cord to withdraw fluid for testing. Their diagnosis was meningitis. I remained hospitalized for three weeks. They did not want to even consider that my meningitis vaccination could have caused my nearly fatal disease.”
以下經(jīng)歷代表了這些可能性:”當(dāng)我在讀高中的時(shí)候,我的父母讓我接種了腦膜炎疫苗.接種之后,我就因身體每個(gè)系統(tǒng)被受到了重大感染而住進(jìn)了醫(yī)院.在我住院期間,我的父母告訴我前兩天我根本就認(rèn)不出他們.醫(yī)生對(duì)我實(shí)施了腰椎穿刺.這個(gè)手續(xù)要麻醉我的身體中間一段,因此他們可以用一根巨大的針插入我的脊髓來(lái)抽取一些液質(zhì)來(lái)檢測(cè).他們的診斷結(jié)果是腦膜炎.我住院了三個(gè)星期.他們甚至就不愿意考慮我這種幾乎致命的疾病是由接種腦膜炎疫苗引起的.”
The position of the American Academy of Pediatrics is that “universal vaccination [with meningococcal vaccine] is not necessary.” The federal Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices conducted a financial analysis of vaccination for all college students and determined that it is not likely to be cost-effective for society as a whole because “the overall risk for meningococcal disease among college students is low” and college freshmen are only “at modestly increased risk for meningococcal disease relative to other persons their age.”
美國(guó)兒科聯(lián)合會(huì)的立場(chǎng)是:”全面的接種[流腦疫苗]是沒有必要的.”聯(lián)合免疫實(shí)踐咨詢委員會(huì)對(duì)所有大學(xué)生進(jìn)行了一項(xiàng)疫苗的經(jīng)濟(jì)分析,并斷定對(duì)于整個(gè)社會(huì)來(lái)說(shuō)沒有成本效益,因?yàn)椤贝髮W(xué)生流腦的整體風(fēng)險(xiǎn)是很低的”,并且大學(xué)新生”相對(duì)于他們同樣年齡的其他人來(lái)說(shuō)只有很小的流腦的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增長(zhǎng).”

HEPATITIS A
A型肝炎

Hepatitis A is a contagious liver disease usually transmitted through contaminated food or water. Symptoms may be similar to the flu, with fever, chills, and fatigue. Jaundice is common. In 1995, a hepatitis A vaccine was licensed in the United States.
A型肝炎是一種通過(guò)污染的食物或者水傳播的接觸傳染性肝臟病.癥狀跟流感很象,發(fā)燒,打寒戰(zhàn),以及疲乏.黃疸很普遍.1995年,A型肝炎疫苗在美國(guó)批準(zhǔn)使用了.

Findings: According to the CDC, “the overall incidence of hepatitis A has declined in the United States over the past several decades primarily as a result of better hygienic and sanitary conditions.” In the early 1990s, about 12,000 cases were reported each year in the U.S. Signs and symptoms usually last less than two months. Complete recovery is typical. However, the CDC estimates that in the U.S. about 100 people die each year from the disease. Even so, the case-fatality rate among persons of all ages with acute hepatitis A is just .3 percent (less than one-third of one percent). More than 70 percent of all hepatitis A deaths occur in adults greater than 50 years of age.
結(jié)論:據(jù)CDC說(shuō),”美國(guó)A型肝炎的總的發(fā)病率在過(guò)去的幾十年主要由于清潔衛(wèi)生條件的改善已經(jīng)下降了.”在1990年代早期,在美國(guó)每年大約有12,000例報(bào)告.征候和癥狀通常不會(huì)超過(guò)兩個(gè)月.一般能夠完全恢復(fù).然而,CDC評(píng)估美國(guó)每年大約有100人死于該病.盡管如此,急性A型肝炎在所有年齡段病例的致死率只有0.3%(少于1%的1/3).在所有A型肝炎死亡率中,超過(guò)70%的病例發(fā)生在50歲以上的成人中.
The groups at highest risk of contracting hepatitis A are persons traveling to regions of the world where this disease is endemic, men who have sex with other men, and IV drug users. Children are not among the groups at greatest risk. Nevertheless, authorities believe that “routine vaccination of children is the most effective way to reduce hepatitis A incidence nationwide.” In other words, children will be subjected to all of the potential risks of a questionable vaccine, with little self-benefit, as part of an overall immunization strategy to protect high-risk groups whose members are difficult to reach or who may choose to reject the vaccine.
感染A型肝炎的高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)人群是那些到世界這種疾病正在流行的地方旅游的人們,與其他男人有性行為的男人,以及IV毒品使用者.兒童不在高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)人群之內(nèi).然而,權(quán)威機(jī)構(gòu)相信”兒童的日常接種是在全國(guó)范圍內(nèi)減少A型肝炎最有效的方式.”換句話說(shuō),兒童就會(huì)處于一種有問(wèn)題的疫苗的所有潛在風(fēng)險(xiǎn)之下,幾乎沒有什么自我好處,只是作為保護(hù)高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)人群的全面免疫政策的一部分,然而國(guó)家想要接種這些人又難以找到,或者這些人拒絕接種該疫苗.
The hepatitis A vaccine is propagated in “human fibroblasts” originated from aborted fetal tissue. It contains formaldehyde (a known carcinogen), aluminum hydroxide, and 2-phenoxyethanol, a toxic chemical comparable to antifreeze.
A型肝炎疫苗在”人類纖維原細(xì)胞”中繁殖,這些”維原細(xì)胞”來(lái)自于流產(chǎn)的胎兒組織中.包含了甲醛(已知的致癌物質(zhì)),鋁的氫氧化物,以及2-含苯氧基乙醇,一種可以與防凍劑類比的有毒化學(xué)物質(zhì).
The hepatitis A vaccine is not covered by the National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program. Yet, many serious adverse events linked to this vaccine have been reported to the manufacturer. These include: anaphylaxis, Guillaine-Barre syndrome, brachial plexus neuropathy, transverse myelitis, encephalopathy, meningitis, erythema multiforme, and multiple sclerosis. In addition, the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), operated by the CDC and FDA, receives numerous reports of “neurologic, hematologic, and autoimmune sysndromes” linked to this vaccine.
A型肝炎疫苗沒有包括在國(guó)家疫苗傷害賠償程序之內(nèi).然而,許多與這種疫苗相關(guān)的嚴(yán)重的反應(yīng)事件已經(jīng)向制造商報(bào)告.包括:過(guò)敏性反應(yīng), Guillaine-Barre綜合癥,臂叢神經(jīng)病,橫向脊髓炎,腦病,腦膜炎,多形式紅斑,以及多發(fā)性硬化.此外,由CDC以及FDA操作的疫苗相反事件報(bào)告系統(tǒng)(VAERS)接收了大量的與該疫苗相關(guān)的”泌尿系統(tǒng), hematologic以及自體免疫綜合癥”報(bào)告.
The duration of protection “is unknown at present.” Also, the incubation period (the time between being exposed and showing symptoms) of hepatitis A can be 50 days. Therefore, when a child receives the vaccine and contracts the disease shortly thereafter, the vaccine will not be implicated as defective or causative. Instead, the child will be blamed for harboring a pre-existing condition.
預(yù)防的持續(xù)時(shí)間”目前不可知”.A型肝炎的孵化期(接觸與表現(xiàn)出來(lái)癥狀之間的時(shí)期)也有50天.因此,當(dāng)一個(gè)小孩接種了該疫苗并且感染了該病之后,疫苗不會(huì)間接地成為缺陷或者原因.相反地,原因會(huì)被歸咎于小孩早已經(jīng)有了潛伏的疾病.


RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS
(RSV)
呼吸道融合病毒

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most common cause of bronchiolitis and pneumonia among infants and children under one year of age. It also causes severe respiratory illness in the elderly. RSV is very contagious. Symptoms are initially similar to the common cold, then worsen as the infected person develops fever, wheezing, and difficulty breathing. Most healthy children recover in one to two weeks. However, during their first RSV infection, about one percent of infants will require hospitalization. Some people die from complications of the disease.
RSV是嬰兒和小于一歲的兒童的細(xì)支氣管炎以及肺炎的最常見的原因.它在上了年紀(jì)的人中還會(huì)引起嚴(yán)重的呼吸道疾病.RSV具有很高的傳染性.癥狀一開始跟普通感冒很象,然后隨著受感染的人開始發(fā)燒變得更加嚴(yán)重,打噴嚏,以及呼吸困難.大多數(shù)健康的兒童在一到兩周內(nèi)能恢復(fù).然而,在他們的第一次RSV感染中,大約1%的嬰兒需要住院治療.一些人死于該病的并發(fā)癥.
Treatment of severe RSV infection is mainly supportive: oxygen therapy, hydration, and nutrition. A vaccine does not yet exist. Researchers have been hampered by the mutable nature of the organism, and “early attempts [at developing a vaccine] actually made the disease worse on subsequent infection.” However, two “preventive agents” were licensed by the FDA. In 1996, Respigam, an immune globulin treatment made from human plasma, became available. In 1998, Synagis, a “monoclonal antibody” produced in human and mouse genes, entered the market.
嚴(yán)重RSV感染的治療主要是支持性質(zhì)的:給氧治療,水合治療,以及營(yíng)養(yǎng)治療.疫苗還不存在.研究人員已經(jīng)被組織體的易變性所難住,并且”早期的一些嘗試[發(fā)明疫苗]實(shí)際上使得并發(fā)感染更加糟糕.”然而,FDA批準(zhǔn)了兩種”預(yù)防媒介”.1996年, Respigam(從人類血漿中制造的一種免疫球蛋白)開始應(yīng)用了.1998年, Synagis(一種在人類以及老鼠基因中產(chǎn)生的”單克隆抗體”)進(jìn)入了市場(chǎng).

Findings: In 1956, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) was discovered in chimpanzees. According to Dr. Viera Scheibner, who studied more than 30,000 pages of medical papers dealing with vaccination, RSV viruses “formed prominent contaminants in polio vaccines, and were soon detected in children.” They caused serious cold-like symptoms in small infants and babies who received the polio vaccine. In 1961, the Journal of the American Medical Association published two studies confirming a causal relationship between RSV and “relatively severe lower respiratory tract illness.” The virus was found in 57 percent of infants with bronchiolitis or pneumonia, and in 12 percent of babies with a milder febrile respiratory disease. Infected babies remained ill for three to five months. RSV was also found to be contagious, and soon spread to adults where it has been linked to the common cold. Today, children who are most at risk of serious complications from RSV include infants born prematurely or with chronic lung disease, immune system problems, neuromuscular disorders, congenital heart disease, and other pre-existing conditions.
結(jié)論:1956年,RSV在黑猩猩身上發(fā)現(xiàn)了.根據(jù)研究過(guò)超過(guò)30,000頁(yè)跟疫苗接種有關(guān)的醫(yī)學(xué)論文的Viera Scheibner博士的說(shuō)法,RSV病毒”造成了脊髓灰質(zhì)炎疫苗的主要的污染物,并且很快就在兒童身體中檢測(cè)了出來(lái).”它們?cè)诮臃N了脊髓灰質(zhì)炎的嬰兒中引起了嚴(yán)重的類感冒癥狀.1961年,美國(guó)醫(yī)學(xué)聯(lián)合會(huì)期刊公布了兩個(gè)研究結(jié)果,證實(shí)了RSV以及”相對(duì)嚴(yán)重的下呼吸道疾病”之間的因果關(guān)系.在57%的有細(xì)支氣管炎以及肺炎的嬰兒中, 以及在12%的具有溫和發(fā)燒呼吸道疾病的嬰兒中,發(fā)現(xiàn)了這種病毒.受到感染的嬰兒一直可以病三到五個(gè)月.RSV還被發(fā)現(xiàn)可以傳染,并且不久就會(huì)傳染給成人,并且在成人身上會(huì)跟普通感冒聯(lián)系起來(lái).今天,多數(shù)處于RSV嚴(yán)重并發(fā)癥風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的孩子,包括早產(chǎn)兒或者患慢性肺病,免疫系統(tǒng)疾病,神經(jīng)肌肉紊亂,先天性心臟病以及其他生下來(lái)就有的疾病的嬰兒.
Synagis is given as a series of five monthly injections at the start of and during the RSV season (usually November to April). It is very expensive; each injection may cost $900 or more. One mother reported being charged more than $7,000 for a single dose and $2600 for each subsequent dose. Her insurance did not pay.
在RSV為期五個(gè)月(通常是從11月到4月)的系列接種開始以及進(jìn)行期間, Synagis是作為其中一種給用的.它非常昂貴;每一次注射也許值900美圓甚至更多.曾有報(bào)道說(shuō)一位母親被收費(fèi)了7,000美圓接種第一劑,接下來(lái)的每一劑要2600美圓一劑.她的保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)都不足以支付了.
Synagis is indicated for the prevention of serious lower respiratory tract infections caused by RSV. Studies show that it will not alter the incidence and mean duration of hospitalization for non-RSV respiratory illness nor will it prevent upper respiratory tract infections. In fact, clinical studies indicate that children receiving Synagis are more likely to experience upper respiratory tract infections than children who do not receive it. Furthermore, some children will develop RSV despite having received Synagis. The data suggests that their illnesses will be no less severe than children who develop RSV without Synagis.
Synagis是用來(lái)預(yù)防RSV引起的嚴(yán)重的下呼吸道感染.研究表明對(duì)于非RSV呼吸系統(tǒng)疾病它改變不了發(fā)生率以及住院的平均日期,它也預(yù)防不了上呼吸道感染.實(shí)際上,臨床研究指出接種了Synagis的兒童比起沒有接種的兒童更容易上呼吸道感染.此外,一些兒童盡管已經(jīng)接種了Synagis,他們還是會(huì)得RSV.數(shù)據(jù)顯示他們不比那些同樣得了RSV但是沒有接種過(guò)Synagis的兒童的癥狀輕.
In a controlled clinical study. Synagis was found to increase the likelihood of developing otitis media (an ear infection), rhinitis, pharyngitis, rash, pain, and hernia. Other adverse events reported in children receiving this “preventive” biotech commodity include: fever, cough, wheeze, bronchiolitis, pneumonia, bronchitis, asthma, croup, dyspnea, sinusitis, apnea, diarrhea, vomiting, liver function abnormality, viral infection, fungal dermatitis, eczema, seborrhea, conjunctivitis, anemia, flu syndrome, and failure to thrive.
在一次可控的臨床研究中, Synagis被發(fā)現(xiàn)增加了得耳中膜炎,鼻炎,咽炎,皮疹,疼痛,以及疝氣的可能性.其他在接種了這種”預(yù)防性”生物學(xué)產(chǎn)品的報(bào)告的有害事件有:發(fā)燒,咳嗽,噴嚏,細(xì)支氣管炎,肺炎,支氣管炎,哮喘,義膜性喉炎,呼吸困難,竇炎,呼吸暫停,腹瀉,嘔吐,肝臟功能異常,濾過(guò)性病毒感染,真菌皮炎,濕疹, seborrhea,結(jié)膜炎,貧血癥,流感綜合癥,以及發(fā)育不良.

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從出生到15周歲一共接種23次.
－－－－－－－－－－－觸目驚心！
－－－－－－－－－－－謝謝樓主， 辛苦了。
現(xiàn)代人是怎么了，打這些毒針已成為時(shí)尚， 98% 的人從不質(zhì)疑醫(yī)學(xué)權(quán)威和媒體的洗腦， 不給小孩打針的家長(zhǎng)得偷偷摸摸的， 見不得人似的。   真是作孽啊。
－－－－－－－－－－－那怎么辦呀？給家里人看都不看的，告訴我該打什么就打什么，別找事！我真痛心呀！我只有祈求地藏菩薩保佑了，希望那些針變成好針，不要傷害孩子!!

阿彌陀fo，南無(wú)地藏王菩薩
－－－－－－－－－－－昨晚問(wèn)過(guò)我媽媽,她說(shuō)我從小沒打過(guò)防疫針,小時(shí)候麻疹也出過(guò),鄉(xiāng)下都知道怎么處理,只有后來(lái)在學(xué)校的時(shí)候接種過(guò)幾針.
而我們這一代人的體質(zhì),明顯好于現(xiàn)在小孩的體質(zhì),醫(yī)學(xué)的弊端也足夠嚴(yán)重的了.
－－－－－－－－－－－無(wú)論做出的決定是打或者不打，都可以理解；世道使然。
－－－－－－－－－－－

這些疫苗是單一劑量， 出生嬰兒和成人同一劑量，以體重計(jì)， 嬰兒一針相當(dāng)于成人20 針。

[ Last edited by 玄莊 on 2006/10/11 at 23:02 ]