北京新航道學(xué)校 李傳偉
在“考研閱讀的最高境界——（一)五層遞進(jìn)學(xué)習(xí)法”等文章中我說(shuō)明了應(yīng)該如何把握閱讀文章與試題：
1． 把握中心思想層
2． 概括段落大意層
3． 深入剖析文章層
4． 摘錄背誦佳句層
5． 換位思考命題層
現(xiàn)在以歷年真題為例說(shuō)明如何實(shí)施上述的五層遞進(jìn)學(xué)習(xí)法。在每篇文章的后面，“文章結(jié)構(gòu)與內(nèi)容”對(duì)應(yīng)上述學(xué)習(xí)法的1與2，“核心詞匯”、“難句分析”與“參考譯文”對(duì)應(yīng)上述學(xué)習(xí)法的3，“佳句摘錄”對(duì)應(yīng)上述學(xué)習(xí)法的4，而“試題詳解”對(duì)應(yīng)上述學(xué)習(xí)法的5。關(guān)于“五層遞進(jìn)學(xué)習(xí)法”的具體內(nèi)容，請(qǐng)閱讀本人博客中的同名文章。
Passage 5
Discoveries in science and technology are thought by “untaught minds” to come in blinding flashes or as the result of dramatic accidents. Sir Alexander Fleming did not, as legend would have it, look at the mold on a piece of cheese and get the idea for penicillin there and then. He experimented with antibacterial substances for nine years before he made his discovery. Inventions and innovations almost always come out of laborious trial and error. Innovation is like soccer; even the best players miss the goal and have their shots blocked much more frequently than they score.
The point is that the players who score most are the ones who take the most shots at the goal—and so it goes with innovation in any field of activity. The prime difference between innovators and others is one of approach. Everybody gets ideas, but innovators work consciously on theirs, and they follow them through until they prove practicable or otherwise. What ordinary people see as fanciful abstractions, professional innovators see as solid possibilities.
“Creative thinking may mean simply the realization that there’s no particular virtue in doing things the way they have always been done,” wrote Rudolph Flesch, a language authority. This accounts for our reaction to seemingly simple innovations like plastic garbage bags and suitcases on wheels that make life more convenient:“How come nobody thought of that before?”
The creative approach begins with the proposition that nothing is as it appears. Innovators will not accept that there is only one way to do anything. Faced with getting from A to B, the average person will automatically set out on the best-known and apparently simplest route. The innovator will search for alternate courses, which may prove easier in the long run and are bound to be more interesting and challenging even if they lead to dead ends.
Highly creative individuals really do march to a different drummer.
17. What does the author probably mean by “untaught mind” in the first paragraph?
［A］ A person ignorant of the hard work involved in experimentation.
［B］ A citizen of a society that restricts personal creativity.
［C］ A person who has had no education.
［D］ An individual who often comes up with new ideals by accident.
18. According to the author, what distinguishes innovators from non-innovators?
［A］ The variety of ideas they have.
［B］ The intelligence they possess.
［C］ The way they deal with problems.
［D］ The way they present their findings.醫(yī)學(xué)全在線網(wǎng)站www.med126.com
19. The author quotes Rudolph Flesch in Paragraph 3 because .
［A］ Rudolph Flesch is the best-known expert in the study of human creativity
［B］ the quotation strengthens the assertion that creative individuals look for new ways of doing things
［C］ the reader is familiar with Rudolph Flesch’s point of view
［D］ the quotation adds a new idea to the information previously presented
20. The phrase “march to a different drummer” (the last line of the passage) suggests that highly creative individuals are .
［A］ diligent in pursuing their goals
［B］ reluctant to follow common ways of doing things
［C］ devoted to the progress of science
［D］ concerned about the advance of society
文章結(jié)構(gòu)與內(nèi)容
文章結(jié)構(gòu)：花開(kāi)兩朵型。本文談?wù)摰膬蓚�(gè)方面是創(chuàng)新者（innovators)和非創(chuàng)新者（noninnovators)，作者主要討論創(chuàng)新者的特點(diǎn)。文章開(kāi)始指出不知情者以為發(fā)明創(chuàng)造是靈感或戲劇性的產(chǎn)物，作者指出這是一個(gè)誤解，因?yàn)榘l(fā)明創(chuàng)造很艱辛，只有那些具有創(chuàng)造力、不斷探索做事新方法的人才能成為創(chuàng)新者。閱讀時(shí)注意文中關(guān)于創(chuàng)新這一概念的不同表達(dá)法。
核心詞匯
1. in blinding flashes 以靈感的形式（blinding耀眼的，使人失明的；flash 閃光)
2. dramatic 戲劇性的，顯著的（名詞drama戲劇)
3. penicillin 青霉素
4. there and then 在當(dāng)時(shí)當(dāng)?shù)兀?dāng)場(chǎng)，立即（=then and there)
5. antibacterial 抗菌的（同根詞antiwar反戰(zhàn)的---anti反，抗)
6. come out of 來(lái)源于，來(lái)自（=come from)
7. laborious 艱苦的，努力的（名詞labor 勞動(dòng)，工作)
8. trial and error反復(fù)試驗(yàn)；試錯(cuò)法（即通過(guò)反復(fù)試驗(yàn)以避免錯(cuò)誤、找到正確思路的方法)
9. block 阻擋，封鎖
10. score 得（分)
11. take …shots at the goal 射門…次
12. so it goes with… …也一樣
13. innovation 創(chuàng)新，革新
14. innovator 創(chuàng)新者（同根詞innovative 創(chuàng)新的---nov新)
15. work on 努力干，致力于
16. follow through 堅(jiān)持到底，堅(jiān)持到完成
17. practicable 可行的（名詞practicability)
18. abstraction 空想，幻想的事物；抽象（動(dòng)詞abstract 抽取，提��；a. 抽象的； n. 摘要 )
19. authority 權(quán)威，權(quán)力
20. account for 解釋（原因等)；占（比例、數(shù)量等)
21. seemingly 似乎，表面上
22. proposition 主張；命題 （同根詞opposition---pos放置)
23. set out 開(kāi)始，出發(fā)
