肺表面活性物質(zhì)(pulmonary surfactant ,PS)由肺泡Ⅱ型細(xì)胞合成分泌的脂質(zhì)蛋白質(zhì)復(fù)合物。參與肺泡表面活性物質(zhì)的形成和代謝,維持磷脂單分子層的穩(wěn)定;阻止血漿蛋白進(jìn)入肺泡腔;調(diào)節(jié)局部免疫和炎癥反應(yīng),在肺臟抗感染中起到重要作用。但使用外源性肺表面活性物質(zhì)治療ECC術(shù)后肺損傷目前仍處于臨床試驗(yàn)階段。
NO是一種內(nèi)皮起源的自由基性質(zhì)的氣體,無論體內(nèi)生成或外源性NO的效應(yīng)和代謝主要在肺內(nèi)進(jìn)行。NO能抑制白細(xì)胞對內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞的黏附,降低血管緊張性。ECC術(shù)中持續(xù)應(yīng)用40ppm的NO可明顯抑制術(shù)中PMN的呼吸爆發(fā)功能,減少PMN在外周組織的集聚,增加循環(huán)血中PMN計(jì)數(shù),達(dá)到減輕ECC術(shù)后肺損傷的目的。
前列腺素E1(PGE1)和I2(prostaglandin I2 ,PGI2)具有擴(kuò)張血管、抑制白細(xì)胞和血小板聚集、細(xì)胞保護(hù)(穩(wěn)定細(xì)胞膜;清除自由基;增加局部血流)作用,改善紅細(xì)胞變形性及減少ECC全身炎性反應(yīng)等作用;可降低肺動(dòng)脈壓,升高CI、PvO2,明顯改善右室功能,但PGI2也可致低血壓和出血。
溶栓劑(thrombolytics):組織纖溶酶無激活物和尿激酶;Almitrine是一種胡椒嗪衍生物,它可提高阻塞性肺疾病患者的PaO2 ,降低PaCO2;腺苷是一種內(nèi)源性血管擴(kuò)張劑,可選擇性擴(kuò)張肺血管,降低肺損傷的發(fā)生率。
4.6 麻醉藥的選擇 異丙酚(propofol)是自由基清除劑,具有類似維生素E的膜巰基保護(hù)作用?梢种芓NF-α、IL-8的合成,減少PMN在肺內(nèi)的浸潤及活化[17];增加SOD的活性;具有抗氧化作用,可抑制PMN呼吸爆發(fā),降低活性氧產(chǎn)量,抑制PMN的超化和吞噬作用。并可迅速蓄積在生物膜上,能增強(qiáng)抗氧化的組織防御,降低組織耗氧,抑制脂質(zhì)過氧化反應(yīng)。
尼卡地平是一種二羥吡啶類的鈣通道阻斷劑,具有抗缺血,防止細(xì)胞內(nèi)鈣超載以及抗氧自由基損傷的作用。其抗炎作用可能是繼發(fā)于其抗缺血作用。ECC前給予尼卡地平(0.02 mg/kg),可有效防止腔靜脈開放后5min PMN在肺內(nèi)的滯留,防止了由于缺血而導(dǎo)致的肺血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞表面黏附分子的表達(dá)以及抑制細(xì)胞內(nèi)黃嘌呤還原酶(XD)向黃嘌呤氧化酶(XOD)的轉(zhuǎn)化,達(dá)到預(yù)防ECC下肺I/R損傷所致的肺功能損害。
4.7 通氣方式的選擇 間斷肺通氣可通過減少白細(xì)胞與血管內(nèi)皮的黏附,減少肺部炎性反應(yīng)、內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞損傷等,對ECC所致的肺損傷有保護(hù)作用。使用PEEP和增大FiO2[18]。PEEP增加FRC、使血管外肺水再分布并改善肺順應(yīng)性。當(dāng)PEEP從0.25kPa增至0.98kPa(10cmH2O)時(shí),肺泡壓呈線性增高,當(dāng)PEEP大于1.47kPa(15 cmH2O)時(shí),肺泡壓增高而肺泡徑不再增大。PEEP并不使血管外肺水總量減少,而只是把肺水從肺泡向肺泡外間質(zhì)再分布。最小的PEEP是指在相對無毒性FiO2下,僅足以糾正危機(jī)生命的低氧血癥的PEEP水平。
近年研究提出了液體通氣。有部分液體通氣(PLV)和全液體通氣(TLV)兩種方式。部分液體通氣(partial liquid ventilation,PLV)以氟碳化合物(PFC)為媒介的,可明顯改善肺氣體交換,增加肺的順應(yīng)性,有效降低肺內(nèi)分流,升高PaO2,改善肺氧合。PFC是一種具有高氧和高二氧化碳溶解量的低張力、高密度的脂溶性液體,可減少肺損傷時(shí)中性粒細(xì)胞、巨噬細(xì)胞在肺內(nèi)的聚集,減少它們釋放的炎性細(xì)胞因子。
4.8 血液稀釋 可降低血液粘度,改善微循環(huán)的淤滯狀態(tài),沖走蓄積在肺組織內(nèi)的自由基和嵌塞在缺血局部毛細(xì)血管內(nèi)聚集的白細(xì)胞,兒茶酚胺及其它代謝產(chǎn)物,使血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞的微循環(huán)得以改善。缺血前稀釋血液不僅可使再灌注后肺血流量及局部代謝環(huán)境得以改善,也能改善缺血時(shí)的肺局部代謝環(huán)境,防止和緩解了再灌注后氧自由基等有害代謝物的大量產(chǎn)生,從而保護(hù)了肺功能。但注意,應(yīng)該嚴(yán)格掌握血液稀釋的程度,警惕過度稀釋引起肺水增多。
4.9 特異性拮抗炎性介質(zhì) 近來,隨著分子生物學(xué)的發(fā)展和應(yīng)用,利用抗細(xì)胞因子和內(nèi)毒素的單克隆抗體、補(bǔ)體系統(tǒng)抑制劑、特異的白細(xì)胞和內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞粘附分子的抗體等以減少 ECC 后的細(xì)胞因子、彈性蛋白酶和氧自由基等物質(zhì)的釋放,從而減輕細(xì)胞和組織的損傷,是一種新的具有誘惑力的治療方案。
綜上所述,ECC后肺損傷的嚴(yán)重程度及正確有效的處理與病人術(shù)后的恢復(fù)有密切的聯(lián)系。隨著材料科技的發(fā)展,實(shí)驗(yàn)室和臨床上的動(dòng)態(tài)研究,一定能探索出更加滿意的預(yù)防和治療措施。
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