BLOOD AND BODY FLUID-THE MATERIAL BASIS OF LIFE ACTIVITIES
血、津液－人體生命活動(dòng)的物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ)
Blood, circulating in the vessels, is a red liquid substance rich in nutrients. It is one of the indispensable substances that constitute the human body and maintain its life activities. Blood originates from cereal essence transformed by the spleen and stomach, and has the functions of nourishing and moistening the whole body.	血液行于脈管之中，是一種富含營(yíng)養(yǎng)的紅色液體物質(zhì)。它是構(gòu)成人體和維持生命活動(dòng)不可缺少的物質(zhì)。血源于脾胃化生的水谷精微，具有營(yíng)養(yǎng)和滋潤(rùn)全身的功能。
Nutritive qi and body fluid are thought of as the material basis of blood formation. As both of them derive from cereal essence, the quality of the food intake and the conditions of the spleen and the stomach are bound to have a direct bearing on blood formation. Either a long-term malnutrition or a lasting hypofunction of the spleen and stomach may cause insufficient blood formation, resulting in blood deficiency. That's why TCM states" Reinforcing the spleen and the stomach enables blood to develop spontaneously."	營(yíng)氣和津液被認(rèn)為是形成血液的物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ)。因?yàn)樗鼈兌紒碜运�谷精微，所以攝入飲食的質(zhì)量和脾胃的狀態(tài)與血液的形成直接相關(guān)。無論是長(zhǎng)期的營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良或脾胃損傷都會(huì)使血液產(chǎn)生不足，導(dǎo)致血虛。這就是為什么中醫(yī)認(rèn)為“補(bǔ)脾腎，血自生”。
Normal blood circulation comes of the joint action of the heart, the lung, the spleen and the liver. The heart-qi is the fundamental motive power to propel blood circulation. The lung is in charge of qi of the whole body and, therefore, has an important bearing on the formation of zong qi. When zong qi gets in the heart meridian, it may promote the movement of qi and blood. The spleen may keep blood flowing within the vessels and prevent it from extravasating. And the liver, besides its function of storing blood, adjusts the volume of blood flow and maintain the normal flow of qi and blood. In case any one of the above organs fails to work properly, abnormal blood circulation is certain to occur. The heart-qi deficiency, for instance, may lead to heart-blood stagnation. The spleen-qi deficiency fails to control blood, leading to bleeding, etc. The disturbance of qi flow of the liver and blood circulation may bring about such pathological changes as blood stasis or swelling, abnormal menstruation, dysmenorrhea or amenorrhea in women.	正常的血液循行來自于心、肺、脾和肝的共同作用。心氣是推動(dòng)血液循行的原動(dòng)力。肺主司一身之氣，因此，與宗氣的形成有重要的關(guān)系。當(dāng)宗氣注入心經(jīng)便可以促進(jìn)氣血的運(yùn)行。脾使血液流于脈管之中，防止其外溢。肝除了有儲(chǔ)藏血液的功能外，還可以調(diào)節(jié)血量，維持氣血的正常運(yùn)行。如以上所說的任何一臟不能正常行使其功能的話，就會(huì)發(fā)生異常的血液循行。例如，心氣不足可以導(dǎo)致心血凝滯；脾氣不足無法收攝血液導(dǎo)致出血等；肝氣不調(diào)、血液循行紊亂則會(huì)出現(xiàn)血瘀、血腫、女性月經(jīng)不調(diào)、痛經(jīng)、或閉經(jīng)。
Blood circulates within the vessels, by which it is carried to the zang-fu organs internally and to the skin, muscles, tendons and bones externally. It circulates ceaselessly Like a ring without end to nourish and moisten all the organs and tissues. In this, normal physiological activities are maintained. Basic Questions says:"The liver with blood is able to ensure normal vision. the feet with blood are able to walk. the palms with blood are able to grip things, the fingers with blood are able to grasp". "When discussing the relationship between blood and the tendons, the bones and the joints, Miraculous Pivot points out:"When blood is normal, the tendons and the bones are strong and the joints are nimble." Thus, it can be seen that the sensation the the movement of the body never for a moment deviate from the nutrients provided by blood.	血在血管中循行，內(nèi)至臟腑，外達(dá)皮肉筋骨，如環(huán)無端，運(yùn)行不息，營(yíng)養(yǎng)滋潤(rùn)所有臟腑組織。這樣，正常的生理活動(dòng)才得以維持�！端貑枴吩疲骸案问苎�而能視，足受血而能步，掌受血而能握，指受血而能攝。”對(duì)于血和髓、骨節(jié)之間關(guān)系的探討，《靈樞》指出：“血常則髓骨堅(jiān)，骨節(jié)敏�！惫蚀�，足見人體之感覺、運(yùn)動(dòng)均不能須臾離開血液提供的營(yíng)養(yǎng)。
Blood is also the material basis of mental activities. Sound mental activity results from normal circulation and a sufficient supply of blood. So any blood trouble, whatever the causes maybe, will bring about symptoms of mental activities varying in degrees. Basic Questions advises people: " Qi and blood are the foundation for human mental activities and have to be nursed with caution." And Miraculous Pivot informs us, " Harmonious blood vessels ensure a vigorous spirit." These famous remarks show the close relationship between blood and mental activities. Deficiency of blood, therefore, will cause mental disorder. For example, heart-blood or liver-blood deficiency will lead to such symptoms as palpitation, insomnia and dreaminess.	血液也是精神活動(dòng)的物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ)。健全的精神活動(dòng)來自于正常的血液循行及充足的血液供應(yīng)。所以不論什么原因?qū)е碌难�液�(jiǎn)栴}都會(huì)引起不同程度上的精神癥狀�！端貑枴方ㄗh：“氣血者，人之神，不可不慎養(yǎng)�！薄鹅`樞》則提醒我們：“血脈安，精神乃治�！边@些著名的鑒言都體現(xiàn)了血和精神活動(dòng)之間的密切關(guān)系。因此，血虛會(huì)導(dǎo)致精神錯(cuò)亂。例如，心血或肝血不足會(huì)導(dǎo)致心悸、失眠和多夢(mèng)的癥狀。
Body fluid is called jinye in TCM, including all kinds of fluids in the organs and tissues and their secretions, such as gastricjuice, intestinal juice, nasal discharge, tears, sweat, urine and so on. Just like qi and blood, body fluid is also one of the essential substances constituting the human body and maintaining its life	體液在中醫(yī)稱為津液，包括存在于臟腑組織和它們之間間隙的各種液體如膽汁、腸液、鼻涕、眼淚、汗液、尿液等等。與氣血一樣，津液也是構(gòu)成人體和維持生命活動(dòng)的必要物質(zhì)之一。
jin and ye are always mentioned in the same breath because of the fact that, for one thing, both of them derive from food and water transported and transformed by the spleen and stomach. and for another, they can transform into each other. But they are actually different in thickness, property, function and distribution. By and large, jin is the fluid which is clear and thin and flows easily. It is distributed in the skin, muscles and orifices, furthermore, it permeates the blood vessels to keep them moistened. Ye, on the contrary, is thick fluid with flowing less easily. It is distributed in the joints, brain, marrow and internal organs to nourish them. Jin and ye may transform into each other. These two fluids are hard to be separated completely and, for this reason, they are jointly referred to as "jinye" (body fluid) . In case of the impairment of jin or exhaustion of ye, the two must be identified in TDS.	津與液總是相提并論，因?yàn)橐环矫妫�它們都來源于脾胃化生的水谷精微；另一方面是由于它們可以互相轉(zhuǎn)化。但是，實(shí)際上它們?cè)谙”　⑿誀�、功能和分布上是不同的�？偟膩碚f，津是一種清、稀、易于流動(dòng)的液體。它分布于肌膚官竅，可以進(jìn)一步滲透到脈管使其保持濕潤(rùn)。相反，液是一種質(zhì)稠、不易流動(dòng)的液體。它分布于關(guān)節(jié)、腦髓和內(nèi)臟，使其得到滋養(yǎng)。津和液可以互相轉(zhuǎn)化。這兩種液體很難完全區(qū)分，因此，它們合稱“津液”。在津或液的枯竭上，兩種必須辨證的區(qū)分。
The formation, distribution and excretion of body fluid are the complex physiological process in which they are accomplished by the joint action of many organs. As is pointed out in Basic Questions : "After food and drink enter the stomach, they are digested and transformed into food essence and then, transmitted upward to the spleen, which disperses the essence upward to the lung and the lung regulates water pathways downward to the urinary bladder. And by doing so body fluid is finally disseminated to all parts of the body along all the meridians and collaterals. " This description suggests that, 1) body fluid is formed from food and water by digestion and absorption of the stomach, separating the clarity from the turbidity of the small intestine and tramformation of the spleen; 2) the distribution and excretion of body fluid are accomplished by the joint action of many zang-fu organ, such as the transforming function of the spleen, the dispersing and descending function of the lung, the steaming and ascending function of the kidney; and 3) body fluid takes triple energizer as its passageway for distribution and excretion.	津液的形成、分布和排泄是一個(gè)由許多臟腑組織共同完成的復(fù)雜過程。正如《素問》所指出的：“飲入于胃，游溢精氣，上輸于脾，脾氣散精，上歸于肺，通調(diào)水道，下輸膀胱，水精四布，五經(jīng)并行�！边@段描述提示了：（1）津液由胃中消化吸收、小腸進(jìn)行分清別濁、脾運(yùn)化的水谷中形成。（2）津液的分布和排泄由許多臟腑組織共同完成，如脾的運(yùn)化功能、肺的宣發(fā)肅降功能、腎的蒸發(fā)沉降功能。（3）津液以三焦為通道進(jìn)行分布和排泄。
Body fluid bears two physiological functions: moistening and nourishing：body fluid distributed to the body surface moistens and nourishes the muscles and skin with hairs; body fluid permeated through the body orifices moistens and protects the eyes, nose，mouth and other openings; body fluid infiltrated into the blood vessels nourishes and smooths them and is also the basic component of blood; body fluid poured into the internal organs nourishes and moistens them, and body fluid in the bone nourishes and moistens the bone marrow, spinal cord and brain marrow.	津液有兩種生理功能：滋潤(rùn)和營(yíng)養(yǎng)。津液分布于肌表滋養(yǎng)肌膚毛發(fā)；滲透于體竅滋潤(rùn)和保護(hù)眼、鼻、嘴和其它官竅；津液滲透至脈管起到營(yíng)養(yǎng)和滑利的作用，也是血液的基本組成成分；津液注入內(nèi)臟使其得到滋養(yǎng)；骨中的津液對(duì)骨髓、脊髓和腦髓起到滋養(yǎng)作用。