十分懷念講授寫作課的夏天，一個(gè)個(gè)激情四射、汗流浹背的日子。寫作課的課時(shí)不多，根據(jù)我授課的內(nèi)容和計(jì)劃，在短短10個(gè)小時(shí)內(nèi)要把寫作的方方面面?zhèn)鬟_(dá)給同學(xué)，從10大困境及相關(guān)對(duì)策，到四大類題型構(gòu)思與創(chuàng)作技巧，從高分句型講到功能段落，從歷年真題的考點(diǎn)到結(jié)構(gòu)、思維和語言，從圖畫講到圖表再到情景和信函……同學(xué)們聽得津津有味，結(jié)課時(shí)，卻總感覺意猶未盡，似乎少了點(diǎn)什么。

　　的確，課堂上理論和典型范文都分析了，也全面闡釋了句型模式和寫作提高的各種訓(xùn)練方法，惟獨(dú)由于時(shí)間有限，沒有進(jìn)行大量語言細(xì)節(jié)的現(xiàn)場訓(xùn)練，而寫作的提高恰恰需要大量細(xì)節(jié)的分析和磨練，想到此至今還有些愧疚，一直想完成這個(gè)未完成的使命。課堂上一個(gè)重要的主題是關(guān)于英語創(chuàng)作的重要規(guī)律——seeking variety （追求語言豐富多變）。如何追求變化？課堂上來不及細(xì)說，下面舉一個(gè)具體的例子，是我在考研教材中隨機(jī)選出的兩句話，從各種角度給出句型轉(zhuǎn)換的方式，提供一些思路，算是我對(duì)各位同學(xué)的補(bǔ)償吧。

　　下面例句選自一篇考研圖畫作文范文，主題是諷刺濫用簡化字（simplified character）的現(xiàn)象。圖畫描述一個(gè)“展銷會(huì)”的指示牌被簡化成了“尸銷會(huì)”，兩名過路人受到驚嚇、當(dāng)場暈菜的場面。圖畫作文的首段往往要求進(jìn)行圖畫場景描述，范文的開篇就有了這樣兩句話：

　　The picture shows two people reading the announcement on a billboard， and being shocked at the message. This is because the billboard is advertising a“sale of the dead bodies”。

　　語法錯(cuò)誤：

　　首先需要糾正的是句子出現(xiàn)的一個(gè)語法錯(cuò)誤：第2句一開始，在This is之后使用了because引導(dǎo)的原因狀語從句，不符合語法要求。一般情況下，后面往往接名詞性結(jié)構(gòu)或形容詞性結(jié)構(gòu)作表語。此處只是作者想當(dāng)然地把漢語“這是因?yàn)椤鄙�硬地翻譯了出來，屬于典型的Chinglish，口語中倒是屢見不鮮，而寫作中則要有嚴(yán)格的語法觀念，不能使用這樣的表達(dá)。

　　This is because the billboard is advertising a“sale of the dead bodies”。

　　可修改為表語從句形式：The reason is that the billboard is advertising a“sale of the dead bodies.”

　　詞語變化

　　段首句的picture、show和后面的shock可以選用其它同義詞替換：

　　picture / cartoon / caricature

　　show / describe / depict / illustrate / portray

　　shock / amaze / astound / astonish /surprise

　　段首句變化

　　圖畫作文的段首句往往是“如圖所示”或“從圖畫中可以看出”之類，下面為經(jīng)常采用的一些句型：

　　As is shown in the picture，

　　As can be seen from the picture，

　　It is vividly shown in the picture that……

　　We can see in this picture that……

　　It is of considerable interest to see in the bizarre picture that……

　　因果表達(dá)變化

　　由于第二個(gè)句子是揭示原因的，英語表達(dá)中的因果關(guān)系詞又非常豐富，所以句子改造就有了多種可能，感興趣的同學(xué)不妨來個(gè)腦筋急轉(zhuǎn)彎，用以下表達(dá)來試試你的創(chuàng)造力（此處大概有20種可能的因果變化）：

　　因果關(guān)系表達(dá)：

　　as， since， because， for， for the reason that， the reason（why…） is that

　　due to， because of， as a result of， on account of

　　so， thus， therefore， as a result， that''s why，

　　cause， lead to， result in， result from， attribute…to…， be responsible for

　　例1：The picture shows two people reading the announcement on a billboard,and being shocked at the message due to the advertisement of asale of the dead bodies.

　　例2：The picture shows two people reading the announcement on a billboard. Their being shocked at the message can be attributed to the advertisement of asale of the dead bodies.

　　句式轉(zhuǎn)換：

　　為了加強(qiáng)同學(xué)們對(duì)語法知識(shí)在寫作中的靈活應(yīng)用，下面給出14種句式及語言調(diào)整的效果，內(nèi)容上沒有太大差異，只是請(qǐng)辨別每句話所側(cè)重的句式：

　　1.表語從句

　　The picture shows two people reading the announcement on a billboard,and being shocked at the message. The reason is that the billboard is advertising asale of the dead bodies.

　　2.介詞短語

　　In the picture,two people are reading the announcement and they are being shocked at the message ofa sale of dead bodieson a billboard.

　　3.疑問句

　　The picture shows two people reading the announcement on a billboard. Why are they so shocked?The reason is that the billboard is advertising asale of the dead bodies.

　　4.原因狀語從句

　　The picture shows two people reading the announcement on a billboard. As the billboard is advertising asale of the dead bodies, they are shocked at the message.

　　5.結(jié)果狀語從句

　　The picture shows two people reading the announcement on a billboard. The billboard is advertising asale of the dead bodiesso that they are shocked at the message.

　　6.時(shí)間狀語從句

　　in the picture, while the two people are reading the announcement on the billboard abouta sale of the dead bodies, they are being deeply shocked.

　　7.分詞短語

　　In the picture, reading the message of a sale of the dead bodiesadvertised on the billboard, the two people are deeply shocked.

　　8.主動(dòng)語態(tài)

　　In the picture, the announcement on a billboard advertising asale of the dead bodiesshocks the two people reading it.

　　9. There be結(jié)構(gòu)

　　In the picture, there is an announcement on a billboard advertising asale of the dead bodiesand shocking the two people reading it.

　　10.倒裝句

　　On a billboard is an announcement advertising asale of the dead bodies.The two people reading it are being shocked.

　　11.定語從句

　　In the picture,the announcement on a billboard which advertises asale of the dead bodiesshocks the two people reading it.

　　12.強(qiáng)調(diào)句

　　In the picture,it is the announcement on a billboard advertising asale of the dead bodiesthat shocks the two people reading it.

　　13.虛擬語氣

　　In the picture,were it not for the announcement on the billboard advertising asale of the dead bodies,the two people would not be so shocked.

　　14.復(fù)雜書面語

　　It is of considerable interest to observe in this bizarre caricature that a couple of citizens,reading an announcement issued on the billboard,are taken aback as a result of the astounding message which informs people of asale of dead bodies.

　　句中使用的詞組包括：be of considerable interest， a couple of， taken aback， as a result of， inform sb. of

　　長句采用的特殊語法包括：賓語從句+分詞結(jié)構(gòu)做插入語+分詞作后置定語（issued）+被動(dòng)語態(tài)+原因短語+定語從句

　　句式轉(zhuǎn)換可以考慮的方式

　　如果大家對(duì)句型轉(zhuǎn)換依然缺乏信心，我就為大家提供以下的思路作為參考。一般來說，以下12種措施是可以考慮的�？梢愿鶕�(jù)句子的內(nèi)容特點(diǎn)進(jìn)行靈活置換。

　　1.主動(dòng)句與被動(dòng)句的轉(zhuǎn)換

　　2.There be結(jié)構(gòu)的采用；It is放在句首的形式

　　3.同位語的設(shè)置

　　4.疑問句形式

　　5.否定和雙重否定形式

　　6.倒裝句形式

　　7.強(qiáng)調(diào)句形式

　　8.虛擬語氣形式

　　9.各類從句形式

　　六大類從句：主語從句、表語從句、賓語從句、定語從句、狀語從句、同謂語從句

　　其中狀語從句可以考慮9種：時(shí)間狀語從句、地點(diǎn)狀語從句、讓步狀語從句、原因狀語從句、結(jié)果狀語從句、目的狀語從句、條件狀語從句、方式狀語從句、比較狀語從句

　　10.連續(xù)短句和長句之間的轉(zhuǎn)換

　　11.簡單用詞和書面語詞組、固定句型的轉(zhuǎn)換

　　12.修辭形式的考慮，如比喻和排比