1.含有分隔結構的句子
分隔結構在英語表達中經(jīng)常出現(xiàn),它的作用主要是調整語氣、補充信息以及平衡句子結構。在閱讀長難句中出現(xiàn)較多的分隔形式是插入語。
插入語有很多不同的類型,可以是一個詞,比如形容詞(strange,etc)、副詞 (personally,honestly,fortunately,luckily,etc);可以是短語,比如形容詞短語(worst still,sure enough,etc)、介詞短語(of course,in short,as a matter of fact,by the way,etc)、分詞短語、動詞不定式(to be sure,to tell you the truth,etc);也可以是句子,比如if I may say so,if you don't mind,that is(to say)等都是非常常見的插入語。通常,去掉句中這些插入成分不會影響句子的完整性。如:I say /hear,I think /hope / believe,you know / see,what's more,I'm afraid,do you think / suppose等。
如:His journey to the e-mail hell began innocently enough when, as chairman of Computer Associates International,a software company,he first heard how quickly his employees had accepted their new electronic-mail system. 這是一個典型的含有多個插入語的長句。as chairman of Computer Associates International是he的同位語,a software company是Computer Associates International的同位語,它們將從屬連詞when引導的時間狀語從句的主語分隔開了。去掉這些插入語后,這句話的意思就很清楚了。
2.被從句拉長的簡單句
這些句子較長,有時甚至出現(xiàn)一個從句套另一個從句、環(huán)環(huán)相扣的情況。遇到這種情況時,考生在閱讀過程中經(jīng)常會遺忘前面剛剛讀過的內(nèi)容,往往讀了幾遍,還搞不清整個句子的結構。
如:Probably there is not one here who has not in the course of the day had occasion to set in motion a complex train of reasoning, of the very same kind, though differing in degree, as that which a scientific man goes through in tracing the causes of natural phenomenon.
事實上,無論多長多復雜的句子醫(yī)學全在線,搜集整,理gydjdsj.org.cn,都是由主干和修飾成分這兩部分組成的。主干是整句話的主體框架,主要指主謂賓結構(He plays basketball)或主系表結構(This is an apple)。修飾成分可以是單詞,可以是短語,也可以是從句,無論是何種形式,它在句中都只起到修飾和補充主干的作用。因此,對于這種類型的長句,我們要做的首先是確定主干,然后理清從句結構,再按照所確定的各個成分想想句子的大意,再聯(lián)系上下文看是否與語境相吻合。如果前后文理不通,則可能是分析有誤,這時就需要對句子結構重新進行分析。
用上述的方法簡化上述的那句話,就會發(fā)現(xiàn),句子的主干是there is not one,后面都是修飾成分。定語從句who has not…natural phenomenon修飾先行詞one,在這個定語從句中,of the very same kind…as that…作為后置定語修飾a complex train of reasoning;句中有一個讓步狀語though differing in degree作為分隔結構,把the very same…as that分隔開;as that which…中的that是先行詞,被which所引導的定語從句修飾。