考研英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作破解-應(yīng)用文寫(xiě)作(小作文)- 摘要
1.寫(xiě)作攻略
摘要是對(duì)原始文獻(xiàn)(或文章)的基本內(nèi)容進(jìn)行濃縮并寫(xiě)成語(yǔ)義連貫的短文。它以迅速掌握原文內(nèi)容梗概為目的，不需加入任何主觀評(píng)論和解釋，但必須簡(jiǎn)明、確切地表述原文的重要內(nèi)容。摘要寫(xiě)作要求簡(jiǎn)明扼要，用詞準(zhǔn)確。摘要題型寫(xiě)作是難度非常大的一種寫(xiě)作形式。隨著考生英語(yǔ)水平的不斷提高，這種題型引起考生的普遍重視。寫(xiě)作摘要時(shí)應(yīng)該注意以下幾點(diǎn)：
(1)動(dòng)筆之前，考生一定要認(rèn)真仔細(xì)地閱讀所給原文，力求抓住其大意，掌握原文要點(diǎn)。 如果一遍不能明白，可以多讀幾次，讀的次數(shù)越多越容易明白文章大意。
(2)摘要的長(zhǎng)度不應(yīng)超過(guò)原文的三分之一，一般是原文的四分之一或五分之一，考試時(shí)應(yīng)遵守規(guī)定的字?jǐn)?shù)限制。
(3)在做摘要時(shí)考生切忌照搬原文，應(yīng)該用自己的語(yǔ)言來(lái)寫(xiě)。一篇摘要應(yīng)該是語(yǔ)言的再創(chuàng)造，而不是原文詞語(yǔ)的簡(jiǎn)單堆砌。 醫(yī)學(xué)全.在線.網(wǎng).站.提供
(4)摘要應(yīng)與原文的觀點(diǎn)保持一致，為了使摘要條理清晰，無(wú)特殊情況應(yīng)按原文的邏輯順序排列。
(5)摘要要做到內(nèi)容完整，沒(méi)有大的遺漏，使讀者無(wú)需查看原文就能夠獲得原文的主要內(nèi)容。應(yīng)重點(diǎn)反映主要觀點(diǎn)，刪除細(xì)節(jié)。
(6)削除例子，簡(jiǎn)化描述。用簡(jiǎn)短的語(yǔ)句代替冗長(zhǎng)的語(yǔ)句。
(7)檢查與修改時(shí)，考生應(yīng)重點(diǎn)檢查是否遺漏了原文的要點(diǎn)或包含了細(xì)節(jié)。
另外，寫(xiě)摘要時(shí)應(yīng)該使用簡(jiǎn)單的銜接詞，如but, then, thus, yet, for等等，而不能使用at the same time, on the other hand 等。
2.必背模版句型
This paper mainly deals with...
這篇論文主要是寫(xiě)……
This article focuses on the topics of (that, having, etc)...
這篇文章的強(qiáng)調(diào)的主題是……
This essay presents knowledge that...
這篇短文主要是講關(guān)于……的知識(shí)。
This thesis discusses/analyzes...
這篇論文討論/分析了……
This paper provides an overview of...
這篇文章綜述了……
This article compares...and summarizes key findings.
這篇文章比較了……并總結(jié)了主要的發(fā)現(xiàn)。
This paper presents up-to-date information on...
這篇論文介紹了關(guān)于……的最新信息。
This article not only describes...but also suggests...
這篇文章不僅描述了……而且建議……
This paper provides a method of ...
這篇為……提供了方法。
This paper introduces an applicable procedure to analyze...
這篇文章介紹一種分析……的可行程序。
This paper is devoted to examining the role of...
這篇論文致力于研究……的作用。
This paper reflects the state of the art in...
這篇論文展示了……目前的情況。
This article reviews the techniques used in...
這篇文章綜述了……領(lǐng)域采用的技術(shù)。
The writer of this essay tries to explore...
本文作者試圖探討……
The aim/purpose/objective of this paper is to determine...
本文的目的/目標(biāo)是為了決定……
3.必背經(jīng)典范文
將下面這篇約500詞的原文按要求寫(xiě)成約150詞的摘要。
原文
How New York Became Americas Largest City
In the 18th century New York was smaller than Philadelphia and Boston.Today it is the largest city in America.How can the change in its size and importance be explained？
To answer this question we must consider certain facts about geography， history，and economics.Together these three will explain the huge growth of Americas most famous city.
The map of the Northeast shows that four of the most heavily populated areas in this region are around seaports.At these points materials from across the sea enter the United States， and the product of the land are sent there for export across the sea.
Economists know that places where transportation lines meet are good places for making raw materials into finished goods.That is why seaports often have cities nearby.But cities like New York needed more than their geographical location in order to become great industrial centers.Their development did not happen simply by chance.
About 1815，when many Americans from the east coast had already moved toward the west，trade routes from the ports to the central regions of the country began to be a serious problem. The slow wagons of that time，drawn by horses or oxen，were too expensive for moving heavy freight very far. Americans had long admired Europes canals.In New York State a canal seemed the best solution to the transportation problem.From the eastern end of Lake Erie all the way across the state to the Hudson River there is a long strip of low land.Here the Erie Canal was constructed. After several years of work it was completed in 1825.
The canal produced an immediate effect.Freight costs were cut to about one-tenth of what had been.New York City，which had been smaller than Philadelphia and Boston， quickly became the leading city of the coast.In the years that followed， transportation routes on the Great Lakes were joined to routes on the Mississippi River.Then New York City became the end point of a great inland shipping system that extended from the Atlantic Ocean far up the western branches of the Mississippi.
The coming of the railroads made canal shipping less important，but it tied New York even more closely to the central regions of the country.It was easier for people in the central states to ship their goods to New York for export overseas.
Exports from New York were greater than imports.Consequently，shipping companies were eager to fill their ships with passengers on the return trip from Europe.Passengers could come from Europe very cheaply as a result.
Thus New York became the greatest port for receiving people from European countries. Many of these people remained in the city.Others stayed in New York for a few weeks，months，or years，and then moved to other parts of the United States.For these great number of new Americans New York had to provide homes， goods， and services.Their labor helped the city be come great.
摘要
How New York Became Americas Largest City
New York was once smaller than Philadelphia and Boston，but now it is Americas largest city because of geography，history and economics.
New York was located at the seaport where materials were imported to the US and the products of the US were sent abroad across the sea.The city was further developed when the Erie Canal was completed in 1825.This linked Lake Erie to New York via the Hudson River and the cost of transporting goods to those who had settled inland was cut down.In addition， the Great Lakes were soon linked to the Mississippi.Later，railroads tied New York closer to the central states，whose goods were exported via New York.Fewer goods were imported，so cheap passages were available from Europe.New York became the main port for receiving Europeans，many of whom stayed in the city and helped it become great.
