名詞的數(shù):
重點(diǎn)應(yīng)了解和掌握以下內(nèi)容:
1、名詞的可數(shù)和不可數(shù):
與漢語(yǔ)不同,英語(yǔ)中名詞要區(qū)分可數(shù)與不可數(shù)。
籠統(tǒng)地講,物質(zhì)名詞,如:water(水), iron(鐵), wood(木頭)等, 和抽象名詞,如:democracy(民主), freedom(自由), happiness(幸福)等為不可數(shù)。
不可數(shù)名詞前不能加a (an),后面不能加s (es),這是考試中對(duì)此類(lèi)題目判斷的重要依據(jù)。
2、以下名詞為不可數(shù)名詞:
news(消息) information(信息)
furniture (家具) equipment(設(shè)備)
advice (勸告) weather(天氣)
work*(工作) clothing(衣服)
baggage(行李)
work作 “工作” 解釋時(shí)為不可數(shù)名詞,“找工作”不能說(shuō)to find a work, 應(yīng)為to find a job; work作“著作”、“作品”解時(shí)是可數(shù)名詞,如:Deng Xiaopin's works (鄧小平著作)/ a work about Deng Xiaopin (一件關(guān)于鄧小平的作品);作 “工廠(chǎng)” 解釋時(shí),單復(fù)數(shù)同形:a steel works (一個(gè)鋼鐵廠(chǎng)) / two chemical works(兩家化工廠(chǎng))
3、以下名詞單復(fù)數(shù)同形:
means(手段) headquarters(司令部)
works(工廠(chǎng)) species(物種)
aircraft(飛機(jī)) Chinese(中國(guó)人)
sheep(羊) fish(魚(yú))
中國(guó)的計(jì)量單位:li(里), yuan(元), mu(畝)等
4、形式上是復(fù)數(shù)的學(xué)科名稱(chēng),如physics , statistics, dynamics 作單數(shù)看待;時(shí)間、距離、鈔票、重量等復(fù)數(shù),可以看作一個(gè)整體作單數(shù)處理,如:Two days is not enough for me to finish the task. (要我完成此項(xiàng)任務(wù)兩天是不夠的。)
5、名詞做另一名詞的修飾語(yǔ):
一般用單數(shù)形式,如:a college student中的college 為單數(shù)形式。
注意:
(1) 以下名詞做另一名詞修飾語(yǔ)時(shí)要用復(fù)數(shù)形式:sport → a sportsman (運(yùn)動(dòng)員)/ sale → a sales department(銷(xiāo)售部) / savings → a savings account (儲(chǔ)蓄存款)/ communication → a communications satellite (通訊衛(wèi)星) / greeting → a greetings cable(慰問(wèn)電)
(2) 不規(guī)則名詞修飾另一名詞時(shí)數(shù)的變化:a woman doctor (一個(gè)女醫(yī)生) → two women doctors (兩個(gè)女醫(yī)生) / the Chinese women's volleyball team (中國(guó)女排) / a children hospital (兒童醫(yī)院)
6、family(家庭), group(小組), police(警察),committee(委員會(huì)), team(組), box(盒), audience(觀眾)等詞,可以是單數(shù),也可以是復(fù)數(shù),關(guān)鍵要看題目所給的提示。
7、注意以下表達(dá)方式中名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式
to be / make friends with(友好 / 交朋友)
to change places with (交換位置)
to make preparations for(為…作準(zhǔn)備)
to give regards to(向…問(wèn)好)
to make matters worse(把事情弄糟)
to hurt feelings(傷害感情)
to be all smiles(滿(mǎn)臉堆笑)
to take sides (偏袒某方)
to have words with(吵架)
to burst into tears (突然哭了)
8、量詞的使用:
由于英語(yǔ)中名詞分可數(shù)與不可數(shù),量詞的使用也有區(qū)別:
修飾可數(shù)名詞
(a) few / fewer / fewest
many / more / most
a great (good) many
many a
a number of
the number of
既可修飾可數(shù)名詞 也可修飾不可數(shù)名詞
a lot of / lots of
plenty of (time, money, people)
修飾不可數(shù)名詞
(a) little / less / least
much / more / most
a great (good) deal of
an amount of / amounts of
the amount of
量詞使用中應(yīng)注意的幾個(gè)問(wèn)題:
1) 分清可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞是前提;
2) 不要把量詞的形式搞混淆了:下面哪個(gè)表達(dá)形式是對(duì)的?
A. A lot students have come back from the summer holiday.
B. A few of the students have come back from the summer holiday.
C. A great many of students have come back from the summer holiday.
D. Many a student has have come back from the summer holiday.
E. The number of students have come back from the summer holiday.
F. A number of students have come back from the summer holiday.
以上六個(gè)表達(dá)方式中只有F 是對(duì)的。為什么?
A. a lot students → a lot of students
B. a few of the students → a few students
C. a great many of students → a great many students
D. Many a student has come back from the summer holiday.
E. The number of 表示數(shù)目,如:The number of the students in our class is 50.
A number of 表示“一些”,“不少”,認(rèn)真對(duì)比一下,看出問(wèn)題來(lái)了嗎?
問(wèn)多少錢(qián)、多少重量時(shí)用:How much…?問(wèn)距離時(shí)用:How far is it from…to…?
9、單位詞的使用
(1) 不可數(shù)名詞表示多少,一般用much, (a) little, a lot of, enough 等詞表達(dá),要數(shù)1,2,3,4…時(shí)要用“量詞”表達(dá),最常用的是a piece of (news, advice, furniture, information…)
(2) 成雙成對(duì)的名詞一般用復(fù)數(shù),如:a pair of trousers (褲子) / scissors(剪刀) / glasses (spectacles)(眼鏡) / pliers(鉗子)
(3) a couple of表示一對(duì),或2-3…,如:a couple of days / people / things
(4) 記住以下量詞表達(dá)方式:
a loaf (two loafs) of bread (一個(gè)(兩個(gè))面包)
a burst of laughter(一陣笑聲)
a fit of anger / chill(一陣發(fā)怒 / 發(fā)冷)
a game of chess (一盤(pán)棋)
a lump of sugar (一塊方糖)
10、其他應(yīng)注意的數(shù)的表達(dá)形式
1)a three-year-old boy 比較The boy is three years old
2) five thousand people / several thousand people比較 thousands of people
表達(dá)具體數(shù)字時(shí),thousand不加 “s”,后面不加 “of ”; ten, million, billion情況以此類(lèi)推。
3) One-third of the students have passed College English Test Band IV.
Two-thirds of the students have passed College English Test Band IV.
One-third of the population in this area is living below the poverty line.
(這個(gè)地區(qū)有1/3人口生活在貧困線(xiàn)以下。)
注意:幾分之幾的表達(dá)形式;動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)由后面的名詞數(shù)決定。
4) a looker-on 比較two lookers-on(旁觀者) / a brother-in-law比較two brothers-in-law(姻親兄弟)
5) my father, together with (along with / with / as well as my mother and brothers) 結(jié)構(gòu)中,主語(yǔ)作單數(shù)處理,即my father
11、不定代詞的數(shù)
英語(yǔ)中要對(duì) “2 ”這個(gè)數(shù)特別敏感:
1) 兩個(gè)中一個(gè)、另一個(gè): one , the other; 三個(gè)或三個(gè)以上中另一個(gè):another / any one
2) 兩個(gè)都:both; 兩個(gè)都不:neither; 兩個(gè)中任一個(gè):either
3) 三個(gè)或三個(gè)以上都:all; 都不:none
4) 不知總數(shù):一些:some ;另一些:others(有余數(shù))
5) 知道總數(shù):一些:some ; 另一些 (沒(méi)有余數(shù)了)the others
注意以下表達(dá)方式:each other / one another / one after another / one by one / the other day (過(guò)去的某一天)/ some day (今后的某一天) / every other day (隔天)/ on alternative days(隔天)/ someone else (別人) / something (anything, nothing) else (別的事)
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