本帖最后由 osho1 于 2011/10/12 12:28 編輯 gydjdsj.org.cn/zhuyuan/Schipper Kristofer 施舟人北大演講全文《中國的歷史文化及其在全球的影響》
"Understanding the Chinese Development : Its History and its Present Global Significance"
地點：
北京大學(xué)校長辦公樓禮堂，時間：2008年06月26日。
聽眾：美國教育代表團(來自美國44個州的450名教育官員)。
資料來源：施舟人五經(jīng)翻譯 感動中國
http://blog.sina。com。cn/schipper
簡介：法國國家高等研究院(EPHE)教授施舟人(Kristofer Marinus Schipper)。施舟人教授通曉八種語言，是歐洲三大漢學(xué)家之一。歷任國立法國高等研究院(EPHE)教授、法蘭西學(xué)院高等漢學(xué)研究所(IHEC du Collège de France)所長、法國遠(yuǎn)東研究院(EFEO)研究員、荷蘭萊頓大學(xué)(LEYDE)中國歷史學(xué)講座教授、荷蘭皇家科學(xué)院(KNAW)院士。施舟人1934年生于瑞典，祖籍荷蘭，二十歲即已到達(dá)巴黎學(xué)習(xí)漢學(xué)，先后獲得法國高等研究院(EPHE)博士學(xué)位、法國國家文學(xué)博士學(xué)位(Doctorat d"Etat ès Lettres)。后仍不滿足于書本，又到臺灣南部，親身體悟道教七年，成為受到真?zhèn)鞯耐饧朗俊呐_南回到法國后，被聘任至國立法國高等研究院EPHE，任教長達(dá)三十年。2001年來中國大陸至今。施舟人現(xiàn)領(lǐng)銜主持大型國際學(xué)術(shù)合作項目《中華五經(jīng)——詩經(jīng)、尚書、禮記、易經(jīng)、春秋》八種語言外文翻譯工作。在西方視角中，道教研究是漢學(xué)核心。國際學(xué)界普遍認(rèn)為，道教文明是真正的中華本土文明，其中涵蓋了科學(xué)、藝術(shù)、醫(yī)學(xué)、歷史、倫理、哲學(xué)、心理等幾乎全部人類學(xué)科。而作為西方漢學(xué)發(fā)源地的巴黎，是整個西方歐美世界的道教研究中心。施舟人治學(xué)五十載而不輟，學(xué)問淵深，屢次主持西方漢學(xué)研究國際合作。2005年，施舟人畢生巨著《道藏通考》三卷本在美國芝加哥大學(xué)出版——此書是接續(xù)了歐洲幾代漢學(xué)家之努力，才最終得以完成的對于煌煌巨著《道藏》所含全部書籍之歷史考證。同年，法國總統(tǒng)授予施舟人榮譽騎士勛位(Légion d"honneur)。之后，有感于回憶六十年代其師長饒宗頤在法國高等研究院(EPHE)講學(xué)時，聞聽《五經(jīng)》不被西方所知、日漸湮沒而落淚，(后饒宗頤曾獲法國高等研究院EPHE建校百年以來首次頒發(fā)的亞裔榮譽博士殊榮)，施舟人心中受到極大震撼，故晚年不休，多年為《中華五經(jīng)》之國際研究翻譯工作而奔走。現(xiàn)領(lǐng)銜主持由法國高等研究院、哈fo大學(xué)、北京大學(xué)、巴黎大學(xué)、劍橋大學(xué)、普林斯頓大學(xué)中國國家漢辦、中國孔子學(xué)院、香港中文大學(xué)等世界級學(xué)術(shù)機構(gòu)的國際合作計劃《五經(jīng)翻譯》。即檢校中華五經(jīng)之西方歷代舊譯，補譯所缺，改正錯誤，并利用一切最新考古發(fā)現(xiàn)，校訂版本，最后逐字逐句翻譯，集體商定。最終將饒宗頤先生所稱的蘊含中華文明真正源頭的五部經(jīng)典《五經(jīng)》——《詩經(jīng)》、《尚書》、《禮記》、《易經(jīng)》、《春秋》——重新系統(tǒng)地、科學(xué)地翻譯為八種外語（法語、英語、德語、西班牙語、阿拉伯語、希伯來語、
印地語、馬來語)，為其在世界五大洲流傳，最終集體確立一個負(fù)責(zé)任的西文定本，以真正實現(xiàn)中華古文明之播火。此項工程，將建立在堅實的國際漢學(xué)合作基礎(chǔ)上，但其意義，已超出了學(xué)術(shù)本身。返本歸原，再明中華。造福人類，意義深遠(yuǎn)。
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演講：
Well, thank you very much indeed
非常感謝大家。
I am really embarrassed now to begin my talk
我現(xiàn)在有點不知道怎么開口
after your expectation has been set so high
因為剛才的介紹讓你們對我的期望值太高了。
But let me first say dear Madam Xu
但是還是要首先向徐琳女士
dear President Wu dear friends
吳志攀主任和各位朋友問候一句
Zaoshanghao
早上好
I have been asked to be here at this morning
今天早上我應(yīng)邀來到這里
session to give the customary talk on
與大家探討一個十分普遍的話題
Chinese language and culture.
中國的語言和文化。
You may be surprised to see
你們看到一張“外國臉”
a foreigner like you waiguolian
來講中國文化一定會覺得奇怪
Perhaps it should be a Chinese
也許確實應(yīng)該由一位中國人來講
What claim can I make to stand here before you and introduce Chinese culture
那么我有什么資格站在大家面前呢
that I had to learn sometimes the hard way that we all have
我同大家一樣 在學(xué)習(xí)中國文化時 要付出很大努力
Probably it’s because I am now 73
也許我的優(yōu)勢就是我今年已經(jīng)73歲了
and I spent 50 years of my life doing the stuff.
我一生有50年的時間都在研究中國文化
So being here with all of you,
所以我今天才能同大家坐在一起，
and also very welcome with your schools, your universities or colleges preparing
同時我也很高興地看到你們的很多學(xué)校、大學(xué)和學(xué)院
or already having curriculums in Chinese studies.
都在準(zhǔn)備或者已經(jīng)設(shè)置了中國研究的課程。
Perhaps our Chinese friends thought that
也許中國朋友們會發(fā)現(xiàn)
I would be a person he would like to talk to and exchange your views with
我是一個愿意與大家對話 交流思想的人
so this morning
所以今天
I proposed that instead of taking to you
我建議不只是我一個人講
I’d like to talking with you
而是我們相互交流
And of course there should be some kind of general subject we should talk about.
我想一定有一些普遍的話題是我們可以討論的
So let’s say that I will first present you with a power point presentation I made,
所以，我先給大家用我做的幻燈片做一個演講
and here you see the title already,
你們已經(jīng)看到題目了
which is a power point presentation about Chinese culture and its place in the world
主要是關(guān)于中國文化及其在世界上的地位
with special emphasis on the relations of China with world formerly and today.
并重點關(guān)注中國過去與現(xiàn)在與其它各國的關(guān)系。
That will be one common ground we will have.
我想我們應(yīng)該能夠達(dá)成一些共識
And before embarking on this presentation,
在開始之前，我想先說明，如果時間允許
and then after with the pleasure I hope if time allows
我很高興在演講結(jié)束后回答大家的問題
to have some general discussion here and I hope some of you will come up with questions, remarks or criticisms or problems whatever you have.
大家有什么問題 看法和意見 都可以暢所欲言
The anther point I would like to make is that I could not cover in my speech today
另外我還想說一點題外話
and that is that I feel that having come to China is also
我覺得來到中國，了解中國的原因之一
because China has come to you in many ways.
是因為在很多方面都能感受到中國。
Now specially in the United Sates of America,
尤其是在美國
many eminent universities and colleges have a great number of ancient study students.
許多杰出的大學(xué)里都有很多做古代文化研究的學(xué)生。
And among those students,
在這些學(xué)生中
the students of Chinese descendants are numerous indeed.
中國人的數(shù)量可謂是十分龐大的。
Not only there are many students and many excellent Chinese students,
不僅是有很多學(xué)生，很多優(yōu)秀的中國學(xué)生
you may know, you may be one of them,
你們可能認(rèn)識這樣的學(xué)生，或者是他們的一員，
but also China now is present everywhere.
你還會覺得中國的氣息無處不在。
If after, let’s say 15 years of hard work are wonderful fast-food chain, like McDonald or Kentucky Fried Chicken，
如果說，像麥當(dāng)勞、肯德基這樣的優(yōu)秀的快餐連鎖店，用了大概15年的時間
are now present in china and have a few thousand outlets.
在中國建立了幾千家連鎖店。
We should not ignore the fact that
那么我們千萬別忘了
there are 40,000 Chinese restaurants in the United States alone.
僅僅在美國，就有四萬家中餐館。
What is this Chinese expansion?
什么是中國的擴張
What does it mean?
它又說明了什么？
Because it’s global，
由于這種擴張是全球式的
what does it mean to our world of today and the world of tomorrow?
它對當(dāng)今世界和未來世界來說，又意味著什么？
I think these are good tides, I am very positive about that.
我認(rèn)為這是很好的趨勢，
But there is also something we have to understand.
但是我們有一些東西是我們必須了解的。
So I am first and I hope you’ll bare with me show you a few pictures and a few comments
所以請允許我先給大家看幾幅圖片，發(fā)表一下我的意見，
and then invite you to join with me in this discussion.
然后我們來共同討論。
Although the present surroundings may not really evoke that or suggest that in recent time
盡管現(xiàn)在展示的圖片并不能說明
the world has witnessed the dynamic rise of China as a major world power.
中國已經(jīng)崛起成為一個世界強國，
The development has been spectacular in all fields of science and technology.
但是中國在各個領(lǐng)域都有了長足的發(fā)展。科學(xué)技術(shù)突飛猛進(jìn)，
Living standards have raised domestically,
人民生活水平顯著提高
the infrastructure of communication networks and public facilities have been revolutionized
通訊網(wǎng)絡(luò)基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施和公共設(shè)施明顯改善，
and also in the fields of education, tremendous progress has been achieved.
還有教育方面，中國也取得了巨大的進(jìn)步。
Yeah, China also has a very long history.
對，中國還是一個歷史悠久的國家。
It’s not the oldest civilization in the world perhaps
也許中國并不是世界上最古老的文明，
but it’s certainly the oldest continuous
但確是世界上現(xiàn)存的
still living Asian civilization in the world, along with India.
并且仍然在延續(xù)的最古老的亞洲文明，與印度齊名。
China today is a place of contrasts.
中國是一個充滿強烈對比的地方，
This is former Shanghai
這是舊上海
and some part of Shanghai that still looks this way.
現(xiàn)在上海很多地方還都保留了原有的樣子。
But for those of you who are going to Shanghai,
但是，如果你們現(xiàn)在去上海
what you also see is this.
看到的應(yīng)該是這樣的圖景。
There still some places in Bejing,
還有北京的一些地方，
where you can find this familiar scene:
這樣的畫面大家應(yīng)該很熟悉：
small Hutong with many shops, in the open people walking around, pedestrians,
胡同兩側(cè)，小店林立，行人來來往往，
but this is a view of Beijing you have already seen I suppose from your bus,
但是這一幅應(yīng)該是大家坐在公交車上能看到的場景
and become equally familiar.
同樣覺得很熟悉。
What was the response of the world towards China 2 centuries ago?
兩個世紀(jì)以前，世界眼中的中國是什么樣的？
Here you have Leo Port, from Rangc,
這是Leo Port, 來自Rangc,
who was famous when I started my Chinese studies.
在我該開始學(xué)習(xí)中國研究的時候就很有名了。
He would be surprised, good Leo Port, in his shamber look,
這位Leo Port聽了以后一定會瞪大眼睛，
if he knew how much China had already changed at the time he wrote those words of Eternal Stagnation.
如果他知道，早在他寫《永恒的停滯》這本書的時候，中國就已經(jīng)發(fā)生了變化。
Because one of the keys
我今天演講的重點之一
and one of the main themes of my talk today is that
同時也是一個重要的主題
china has always changed.
就是中國一直在發(fā)生變化。
Throughout its long history, it is often, not always,
在其漫漫歷史長河中，除了少數(shù)例外，
but often dynamically adopted to new circumstances and new developments.
中國總是能夠積極地適應(yīng)新情況、新發(fā)展。
In fact China’s history is a succession of different eras
事實上，中國歷史就是不同時代的連續(xù)體
that all have their different characteristics.
每個時代都各有特點。
Things are not the same.
東西不會是一成不變的。
If you have a piece of ceramics in the Tang dynasty,
如果你手里有一片唐朝的瓷片，
it’s quite different from the one of the Song dynasty.
那它跟宋朝的肯定有很大不同。
For us Europeans, I speak for myself,
對我們歐洲人來說，當(dāng)然這只是我的觀點，
there are far more continuity in southern France and Italy,
法國南部和意大利則更有持續(xù)性。
the way peasants live, the way they make their things,
農(nóng)民的生活方式，他們的制作方法，
is very much like what in antiquity.
都跟古代十分相似。
But China has changed so dramatically throughout its history.
但是中國卻在歷史長河中發(fā)生了巨大的變化。
That is one of the keys of understanding China today.
這是了解現(xiàn)代中國的密鑰之一。
In fact, when we talk about Chinese tradition,
事實上，當(dāng)我們談中國的傳統(tǒng)
we talk about change.
我們就是在談變化。
In China, great change is also the great tradition.
在中國，巨大的變化就是偉大的傳統(tǒng)。
When did China begin?
中國起源于何時？
There is Pekingman, his face is here.
這是北京人的圖片，你們可以看到他的長相。
It is of course something imagined by an artist.
當(dāng)然這是藝術(shù)家想象的。
I suppose he must have been more handsome than that.
我想他本人一定要英俊的多。
But anyway, he lived a long long time ago,
不管怎樣，他生活在很久很久以前
perhaps half a million years.
大概五十萬年前吧。
But really civilization, and already very much, Chinese civilization,
但是那時候文明已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)，而且有了一定規(guī)模。
Chinese with rice and also with beautiful ceramics,
中國的水稻和漂亮的瓷器，
is not found in northern China,
不是在中國北部發(fā)現(xiàn)的，
but in central eastern China, in the province of Zhejiang,
而是在中國中東部省份，浙江發(fā)現(xiàn)的。
and it dates about 7000 years ago.
大概有7000多年的歷史了。
This is China’s neo-lithic period.
那時是中國的新石器時代。
They lived already in wooden houses,
中國人那時已經(jīng)居住在木頭房子了，
they ate already rice,
已經(jīng)能吃上水稻，
the first and the earliest rice cultivation we found in the world.
中國是世界上第一個也是最早種植水稻的國家。
So here we embark on our trip
在這里，讓我們揚帆啟航
through Chinese history.
暢游于中國的歷史長河，
I hope you’ll bare with me and
希望大家喜歡我的演講，
I hope you’ll be able to see the power point presentation
也希望大家都能看清幻燈片上的文字
and for those who are a bit sitting in the back,
有一些人坐在大廳后面的位子，
and I saw there are still some chairs open here and there’s still some places open there,
我看到這邊還有一些空的椅子，這邊也有，
so if you are far away in the back of this hall and you can’t read the print on my ppt,
所以，如果你覺得自己坐的太靠后，看不清幻燈片上的字，
please, this is the moment, to come up and sit over here, OK?
可以現(xiàn)在坐到前面來。
This doesn’t seem to happen.
看來沒有人愿意換位子。
I am going now to embark with you another trip, a trip through history.
下面就請隨我踏上這段歷史旅程。
There are four important periods.
有四個比較重要的時期。
I am not going to ask you to learn by heart after this talk the 24 or 25 dynasties of China.
我不會要求大家把中國24或25個朝代都背下來。
Let’s keep it simply.
我們把它變得簡單些。
China has 2000 years of its ancient history from its first dynasty until the moment it became what we called the unified empire.
中國從出現(xiàn)第一個朝代到形成一個統(tǒng)一的帝國，一共有2000多年的歷史。
Before that, China was a confederation of states,
在這之前，中國是諸侯國的聯(lián)邦
called “the middle kingdoms imperial”.
叫做“中央帝國”。
Then we have anther period of China as a mighty states
然后是中國非常強盛的時期
at that time, from 220BC to 903
從公元前220年到903年，
China became a world power.
中國發(fā)展成為世界強國。
Then anther later empire that go all way up to 1911,
接下來的一個時期一直持續(xù)到1911年
when China became a republic.
中華民國成立。
And now we have modern and contemporary China,
接下來就是近代和當(dāng)代中國，
with 100 years of modernization and progress.
100多年來，不斷走向現(xiàn)代化和歷史進(jìn)步。
During its early history, ,
在中國歷史早期
“zhongguo” meant the “central states”
“中國”指“中央的城邦”
or should we say “the united states”, united under a king,
或者說叫作“統(tǒng)一的城邦”，由國王統(tǒng)治。
who was a symbol of this unity,
國王是統(tǒng)一的象征，
and who was not the lord, not the master, not the emperor,
但他不是地主，不是主人，也不是皇帝，
but who was the son, or better if it would be really truthful to Chinese, the child of heaven-“Tianzi”.
按照中國人的說法，他是上天的子嗣，稱作“天子”。
This story of the child of heaven and the confederation of China begins at around 2000BC,
大約公元前2000年，中國形成了統(tǒng)一的聯(lián)邦，出現(xiàn)了“天子”。
already we found bronze implements,
在那時已經(jīng)有了青銅制品，
already we found exquisite jade，and --------- work
精美的玉器和--------
and already we found the most beautiful Neolithic pottery known in the world.
還有世界上最精美的新石器時代的陶器。
And then Chinese history or mythology has it,
接下來，根據(jù)中國歷史，或者說是神話，
that there was a man called Great Yu, who did the irrigation works,
出現(xiàn)了一個叫“大禹”的人，治理水患，
who made China suitable for agricultural development.
給中國創(chuàng)造了適合農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展的環(huán)境。
The first king of China was portrayed, this is Rubbin of the stidti,
這是Rubbin畫的中國第一位皇帝的畫像，
was about 100AD,
大概是公元100年
is the earliest portrait we have of Great Yu.
也是我們現(xiàn)有的最早的關(guān)于大禹的畫像。
Here he stands, with a shovel in his hand.
他站在那里，手里拿著一把鏟子。
That’s the first image of the king of China, a peasant,
中國第一個皇帝的形象，是一個農(nóng)民
with a typical peasant hat you can still see today.
頭上戴著農(nóng)民式的帽子，我們今天還能看到。
Writing developed during the next dynasty, the Shang or Yin dynasty from 1700BC to 1027BC.
文字是在公元前17世紀(jì)至公元前11世紀(jì)的商朝或者稱作殷商時期出現(xiàn)的。
Here the first forms of Chinese writing,
這就是中國文字最初的形式
were not used to communicate between men,
它最初并不用于人與人之間的交流，
but to communicate between men and the ancestors, the gods.
而是人和他們的祖先，或者說是與神交流。
These are sacred writings, in the hands of those scribes, who knew the secret language of the gods.
這是神圣的文字，寫下文字的人也通曉神的語言。
In our Mediterranean cultures, it is the word that begins.
在地中海文化中，最初出現(xiàn)的文字是詞。
In China, it was the symbol, the sign, the writing.
而在中國，是象征、是符號。
It was writing who stands at the beginning of culture and also at the beginning of revelation.
處在中國文化的起點和啟示的起點上的，正是這種象征和符號。
These oracle bone inscriptions discovered about 107 years ago
這些刻在
龜甲上的文字是107年前發(fā)現(xiàn)的
have now been deciphered and can be understood.
現(xiàn)在人們已經(jīng)破譯了甲骨文，明白了各種符號的含義。
And they are essentially the same writing that China has today.
甲骨文已經(jīng)具有了當(dāng)今漢字的雛形。
If you talk about the unity of Chinese culture and the continuity of Chinese culture,
中國文化的統(tǒng)一性和持續(xù)性，
that continuity is writing.
就體現(xiàn)在文字上。
And that is something that we foreigners must bare in mind.
這一點，外國人必須時刻銘記于心。
If we teach Chinese, if we have Chiese classes, Chinese studies in our colleges, universities, writing is of paramount importance.
如果我們在學(xué)校、大學(xué)里教授中文課程，寫作總是最重要的。
Writing is always higher regarded than speech.
寫作總是比口語更要受到重視。
Writing developed even more during the next Zhou dynasty,
文字在周朝有了進(jìn)一步發(fā)展。
when China re-begins its classical era.
周朝是在商朝之后的又一個朝代。
Here we find not any longer just writing intended to communicate with supernatural beings
文字不僅是用于人與神之間的交流
but to proclaim royal deeds that are then
還用于記錄皇族的宣言
thanks to the incredible craftsmanship, of the ancient bronze artisans of China
那時，中國青銅匠人的工藝技術(shù)令人難以置信，
and their technology that also brought the first metallurgic technology and
他們的技術(shù)可以說是冶金技術(shù)的雛形，
of course the first discovery of iron technology at the very very early date
當(dāng)然還有出現(xiàn)得很早的鐵器技術(shù)
more than 1000 yeas before Europe.
比歐洲造了1000年。
We find the melted into the bronze vessels, the first long texts like this one
我們發(fā)現(xiàn)這些刻在青銅器皿上的長長的文字
which is in royal proclamation and these same texts
是皇族的公告，同樣的文字
now are part of the earliest books in China,
也出現(xiàn)在中國早期的著作中
the Great Classics, for which I will say a few words more in the moment.
也就是“四書五經(jīng)”，我稍后還會提到。
When writing and technology developed,
隨著文字和技術(shù)的發(fā)展，
also the philosophical speculation for about “the world and the meaning of the world”.
關(guān)于“世界和世界本源”的哲學(xué)思想也蓬勃發(fā)展起來
From the very beginning, there were two main ways of thought:
起初，有兩種哲學(xué)學(xué)說：
the ways of Laozi,
一個是老子的學(xué)說
who stressed nature and the philosophy we now called Daoism
強調(diào)自然和哲理，就是我們現(xiàn)在說的道教。
and Confucius whose teachings stresses culture and learning
另一個是孔子，強調(diào)文化和學(xué)習(xí)，
and what we now call Confucianism.
也就是我們現(xiàn)在說的儒教。
Of course you know that Confucius were never called himself Confucianism
當(dāng)然，中國人不會稱孔子的學(xué)說是“Confucianism”,
because that’s Latin.
因為這是拉丁文。
He was called “Kongzi”,
中國人叫他“孔子”，
this was Latinized by the early western missionaries,
“Confucianism”是西方傳教士根據(jù)造詞法造出來的詞
who want to make him one part of our European classical philosophers.
他們希望儒教也是歐洲古典哲學(xué)的一部分。
During the following period, writing developed even more.
接下來的一段時期，文字有了進(jìn)一步發(fā)展
We can see that these philosophers talked and
哲學(xué)家開始說教
there teachings were transmitted orally.
口頭傳播他們的思想
But the around the 1500AD, words were put into writing,
但是在公元15世紀(jì)，語言變成了文字
on two kinds of supports, on bamboo slips and on silk,
書寫在兩種東西上：竹片和絲綢
both are expensive and difficult ways of preserving writings.
寫在這兩種東西上的字跡都不容保存
But the specimens you see have unearthed recently,
但是現(xiàn)在你們看到的樣本是最近出土的
in the recent 50 years in China,
大概50年前
and they have revolutionized our knowledge about ancient China and ancient culture.
它們改變了我們對古代中國和古代文化的看法
We are consistently changing.
我們總是在變
Our views too.
我們的觀點也在變
Not only China is changing
不僅是中國
but also our understanding of Chinese culture and Chinese history is changing
我們對中國文化和歷史的看法也是動態(tài)變化的
thanks to the sensational archeological finds.
這些考古發(fā)現(xiàn)改變了歷史
First the oracle bone inscriptions,
先是刻有文字的
龜甲then the decipherment of the bronze inscriptions
然后是破譯了青銅器上的文字
and finally the hundreds of great archeological finds of texts in tombs of the ancient philosophers and ancient histories.
還有在古代哲學(xué)家和古墓中找到了成千上萬的偉大的考古發(fā)現(xiàn)
One very important date in human history is 221BC,
公元前221年是一個非常重要的年代
when China ended up by being united,
中國結(jié)束了群雄紛爭的時代
not only militarily but also ideologically into one big state.
形成了軍事上、政治上統(tǒng)一的國家
It has remained until today with intermittent periods of division,
雖然中國以后也間歇有過分裂的時期
but the unity of China was created
但是中國的統(tǒng)一已經(jīng)實現(xiàn)
because of the Chinese script and Chinese thought
借助的是中國的著作和思想
and the first emperor used that to unify China politically but also militarily.
中國的第一個皇帝，用思想從軍事和政治上統(tǒng)一了中國
And for those of you who are going to Xi’an,
如果你們?nèi)ミ^西安
you’ll have the privilege to see I hope the recent archeological find
我想你們一定看到了那個最近巨大的考古發(fā)現(xiàn)
of his huge army in this fantastic place with thousands of his warriors
成千上萬的地下軍隊，列陣宏偉，
each individually portrayed, each of these statutes is an individual,
每個人都形態(tài)各異
standing there in remembrance of the efforts he took to unify this gigantic empire.
訴說著秦王為實現(xiàn)統(tǒng)一的帝國付出的每一份努力
The Qin dynasty, the first imperial dynasty is of short duration.
秦朝，中國的第一個朝代，歷時不長
But almost as long as the late Roman empire, was the Han dynasty,
但是之后的漢朝，幾乎和羅馬帝國一樣悠久
who really forged China’s unity, in terms of political, administration, culture,
漢朝不僅在政治、軍事和文化上
but also ethnic.
還在民族上統(tǒng)一了中國
So the Chinese call themselves today Han, Han people.
所以現(xiàn)在中國人稱自己為漢人
And sinology, Chinese studies, are called “Hanxue”.
研究中國的文化叫做“漢學(xué)”
That is because of the importance of this period,
這是因為漢朝在中國歷史的地位
which is all equal and even greater in many aspects,
在很多方面都比羅馬
but as fundamental as Roman empire was for Western history.
在西方歷史上的地位還要高
During this period, china expanded,
這一時期，中國進(jìn)行了擴張
not militarily,
但并不是軍事擴張
it expanded in a quite unexpected way for us.
漢朝擴張的方式是我們始料未及的
It expended commercially.
商業(yè)的擴張
Because if you look at Chinese history, if you read Chinese history,
如果你了解中國歷史
you’ll find much what I’ve said before,
你會對我剛才講的內(nèi)容很熟悉
but very little stressed the important fact,
但是大多數(shù)學(xué)者都忽略了這樣一個重要的事實
that China was already in the ancient time,
那就是中國在遙遠(yuǎn)的古代
an important trading and manufacturing nation.
就已經(jīng)成為重要的貿(mào)易國和制造大國
This road which thank to the peace established by the Han dynasty,
這條由和平帶來的絲綢之路，是在漢朝形成的
this road through central Asia and lead to Parsi and Persia
穿過中亞地區(qū)，到達(dá)帕西和波斯
and then from there to Rome,
然后又到羅馬
became the major commercial link between the east and west integrity.
成為促進(jìn)東西方融合的主要商道
And in the 100BC and also later,
公元前一世界以后
Rome became absolutely wild about Chinese products, especially silk.
羅馬瘋狂地追求中國的產(chǎn)品 尤其是絲綢
Silk was very much sought after and
絲綢當(dāng)時備受推崇
really a must for each Roman matron.
已經(jīng)成為每一個羅馬貴族的必備之物
They all had to have their silk dress.
每個人都必須擁有一件絲綢服裝
Here you find a fresco, wall painting from haclonain,
這是一幅壁畫
portraying a lady dressed in Chinese silk.
畫的是一位小姐穿著中國的絲綢
This silk trade almost ruined Rome.
絲綢貿(mào)易幾乎毀了羅馬
It brought it on the brink of bankruptcy
把羅馬推向破產(chǎn)的的邊緣
because the trade was one-sided.
因為貿(mào)易是單向的
China produced and then Rome and
中國只賣，羅馬只買
also of course intermedias, Parsi and Persia bought.
當(dāng)然買家還有intermedias、帕西和波斯
This is a pattern we’ll find time and time again in China’s history.
這種貿(mào)易模式在中國歷史上還會經(jīng)�？吹�
But other important developments took place.
但是除此以外還有另外一個重大發(fā)展
China was reinforcing also its fundamental cultural unity by adopting Confucianism as the state doctrine.
中國把儒教作為國教，在文化上的統(tǒng)一得到了加強
The books from ancient times that were left from in inscriptions I just showed you,
剛才向大家展示的刻在青銅器上的文字
they are re-edited and re-modeled into what we called “the five classics”,
被重新編輯，成為我們現(xiàn)在所說的“五經(jīng)”
which are every bit as important as the western Pentateuch,
它們的重要性相當(dāng)于摩西五書，
the Torah of the Jews and
猶太人的圣經(jīng)，
the five books of the ancient, all testaments in Christianity.
基督教的舊約書。
Every young student and every scholar and
每一名學(xué)生、學(xué)者
all those who aspired at public office
還有那些想謀得一官半職的人
had to learn these classics by heart.
都必須把五經(jīng)熟讀于心
This stands at the heart of Chinese civilization.
這一點可以說是中國文明的核心
The sacred books of China, as they were called by James Lager,
James Lager把五經(jīng)成為中國人的圣書
who translated them in the 1880s,
并在19世紀(jì)八十年代將其翻譯成英文
are the canons of Chinese culture and history,
它們是中國文化和歷史的圣典
the guide books for wisdom of the ancient sages.
中國古代圣賢的智慧指引
Formerly, as I said already,
我剛才說過 過去
all students have to learn them by heart to qualify for state examinations.
所有的學(xué)生要想?yún)⒓尤珖荚?就必須把這些書熟記于心
Of course state examinations that go parallel with
當(dāng)然全國統(tǒng)一考試的出現(xiàn)
the adoption of Confucianism as state doctrine and
是與儒教作為國教
the canonization of the Five Classics.
以及五經(jīng)作為圣典相輔相成的
This examination system is a revolution itself.
這種考試體系本身就是一種革命
Because for the first time,
歷史上第一次
not noble people, where noble man were eligible for office
不再只是貴族才能當(dāng)官
not just those who had by birth the privilege of serve the state were appointed
命運不再是由一個人的出身決定
but people were recruited on basis of their intelligence, of their insight, of their capacities.
而是由他們的智慧，才能和能力來決定
This imperial examination system that in some ways remains until today
這種皇家科舉制度今天還有一定程度的保留
and still in the way that state examinations who qualify the students
國家還是組織統(tǒng)一的考試錄取學(xué)生
to enroll for instance at this university
比如北大就是這樣
called the admiration of western world as soon as we started to know it from the late 16 or 17 century
十六、十七世紀(jì)，這種模式傳到西方后立即受到西方社會的推崇
on and has inspired the civil service administration in England
英國的公務(wù)員行政管理體制就從中借鑒
and the Grand Ecole, the competitive examination for entrance to state colleges in France
法國的國立大學(xué)入學(xué)考試也是這樣
until the present day.
直到今天還是如此
In China, they remain in a way for entrance examinations to the universities,
在中國，大學(xué)的入學(xué)考試模式也保留著這種考試制度的影子
but the imperial examinations were abolished in 1908.
但是科舉制度在1908年廢除
Here follows the enumeration of the Five Classics.
這是五經(jīng)的排序
I show you them because they are so little known today
之所以給大家看是因為現(xiàn)在世人對它們的了解太少
but our Hanban institute that invites me today has the project
但是漢辦，也就是要請我來演講的機構(gòu)，現(xiàn)在有一個項目
to make new translations in the next two years in English
就是用兩年的時間把五經(jīng)重新翻譯
but in other languages, in German, in Spanish in Italian, in Arabic,
不僅是英語，還有德語、西班牙語、意大利語和阿拉伯語
so that the whole world may at last have access to the cannons of Chinese culture.
這樣全世界就都能踏上中國文化的方舟
The Five Classics start out with the Odes, the Book of Songs.
五經(jīng)中第一本為《詩經(jīng)》
And the first songs, the opening of what can call Chinese Bible,
是中國第一部詩歌總集，中國的《圣經(jīng)》
or the sacred book of China,
中國的圣書
I don’t know if you have had read them in the beautiful translation of Arthur Willy,
不知道大家有沒有讀過Arthur Willy的譯作
goes back the 1930s,
是在二十世紀(jì)三十年代翻譯的
but still is very readable today.
但可讀性仍然很強
The Book of Odes doesn’t start out with the creation of the world.
《詩經(jīng)》的開篇講的并不是創(chuàng)世篇
It didn’t say the beginning or something like that.
并沒有講世界的起源
It started out with love songs with men and women
它以男女之間的情歌開篇
singing their love to each other,
情人互訴愛意
which is another way to look at the beginning of humanity, at the beginning of the world.
這是探尋人類起源、社會起源的另一種視角
You have to switch a little bit.
我們需要轉(zhuǎn)換一下思維
It is not the super natural that made the world.
并不是某種超自然的力量創(chuàng)造了世界
No, we made the world.
是我們?nèi)祟悇?chuàng)造了世界
Man and women made world.
男人和女人
And they made the world through their love.
用愛創(chuàng)造世界
That is the message of the Book of Odes.
這就是《詩經(jīng)》傳達(dá)給我們的信息
The Book of Documents has those texts of the earliest state governments
《書經(jīng)》記錄了中國最早的政府公文
and stresses the necessary virtue, the human qualities
并且強調(diào)人必須具有哪些美德，哪些素質(zhì)
that it takes to have the privilege of leading other people.
才有資格去領(lǐng)導(dǎo)別人
But most important and essential, are the Rites, the Li,
五經(jīng)中最重要的是《禮記》
the books say what you have to learn and what you have to be to become a complex human being.
這本書講述了人之所以為人，所需要學(xué)習(xí)和具備的東西
And then of course the fourth book is very well known abroad,
第四本書在國外最為著名
the only one of the Five Classics
也是唯一著名的一本
The Book of Change, Yijing,
《易經(jīng)》
known in the US especially through the translation of Richard Wilhelm and Benz
這本書由于被Richard Wilhelm和Benz翻譯成英文 在美國廣泛流傳
published by Princeton University
由普林斯頓大學(xué)出版
據(jù)說銷量達(dá)50萬冊
and who has introduced Chinese cosmology, Chinese divination and also Chinese wisdom
這本書將中國的天文，占卜和智慧，
among many many Europeans and Americans.
介紹給很多歐洲人和美國人
Finally the Spring and Autumn,
最后一本是《春秋》
the least known,
也是最不為人熟知的
which is the first history book.
是中國的第一部史書
As the education developed,
隨著教育的發(fā)展
humanity also responded by making necessary discoveries.
人類也創(chuàng)造出更多的發(fā)明
Among the great discoveries, the great invention of China,
在中國的四大發(fā)明中
paper stands of course at the very beginning,
紙的發(fā)明無疑是最重要的
not really at the beginning,
雖然紙在四大發(fā)明中出現(xiàn)的時間并不是最早的
but the most spectacular invention,
但卻是最重要的
and the one who has the most influence on human culture in general.
它對整個人類的文化都產(chǎn)生了十分深遠(yuǎn)的影響
The invention of paper in…
紙的發(fā)明……
I didn"t give a date I am very sorry.
對不起，我沒有給出確切時間
It’s in the beginning of 200AD
大概在公元200年
when a man called Cai Lun, who was in imperial service,
有一個叫蔡倫的朝廷官員
first used vegetable fiber,
率先用蔬菜的纖維
here you see a picture of how it was done,
這幅圖片展示了紙的制作過程
to cook and steamed and made into mash
把纖維煮爛、蒸熟、做成泥
and then spread out on the mats to dry
然后平攤在席上晾干
in order to make readable paper.
干了以后就成了可以寫字用的紙
Together we have the development of the four treasures of the Chinese scholar,
與此同時，我們也有了中國文人的“文房四寶”
you may acquire some:
你們自己也可能有
the ink stone, the ink, the brushes and paper.
那就是筆、墨、紙、硯
As a result of the invention of paper, classical studies developed greatly.
紙的發(fā)明讓古典學(xué)說得以迅速發(fā)展
The texts were engraved on stone,
文本刻在石板上
you could ink the stone
石板涂上墨
and then put a piece of paper on the inscription
上面覆蓋一層紙
and make what we call a rubbin,
這樣就形成了我們說的rubbin
that was the first printing,
這就是最早的印刷
the ancestor of our printing.
可以說是當(dāng)今印刷的祖先
You could reproduce text by making rubbins of stones and inscriptions.
把紙貼在刻字的石頭上，就有了rubbin, 就可以一次次復(fù)制相同的文本
Later of course China also invented printing.
當(dāng)然中國之后也的確發(fā)明了印刷術(shù)
We will come to that in a moment.
我們稍候再講
But after the fall of great classical empire of the Han,
但是漢朝衰落以后
Confucism went into decline
儒教也隨之走向破敗
and other part of China, not the scholars,
中國的另一部分群體 不是文人
but the local, the religion of the ordinary people,
而是普通大眾
the other side of Chinese philosophy “Daoism”
他們代表了中國哲學(xué)的另一個側(cè)面 道教
and created what became China’s organized religion,
道教是中國土生土長的有組織的宗教
Daoism, which is quite different.
是一個十分與眾不同的宗教
It is based on self-cultivation,
它強調(diào)自我的修為
on the cultivation of medicine of long life
煅煉長生不老的神藥
and on meditation.
還要進(jìn)行靜思
And the most symbolmetic symbol of that region
道教最具代表性的東西
is this incense burner,
應(yīng)該是這個香爐
which you’ll find in every Chinese home
在每個中國家庭
and every Chinese restaurants in US.
美國的任意一個中餐館都能找到
You’ll find a small corner with an incense burner,
房屋的一角 擺設(shè)著一個香爐
some images and some fruits.
幾個神像 供奉著一些水果
That is also fundamental in China.
這在中國也是最根本的東西
This incense burner you see here
你們現(xiàn)在看到的這個香爐
has a cover in a form of a mountain.
蓋子看起來像一座山
You can sit before it and
你可以坐在它面前
you can make a metal trip towards the imaginary land
心馳神往于幻想之地
where you can roam around freely: xiaoyaoyou.
在那里自由漫步：逍遙游
It was Daoism who gives to China the perception of space.
道教給了中國人宇宙的概念
Its dream space in landscapes,
在夢中的風(fēng)景遨游
its relation to nature.
與自然親近
These paintings are supports for this kind of mental excursion,
這些畫反映的就是道教的神游
this kind of meditation
一種冥想
when you free your mind and you nourish your spirit
放飛思想 滋潤心靈
by free and easy wondering
自由自在的翱翔
it also give rise to the Chinese landscape garden,
這也激發(fā)中國人設(shè)計了景觀園林
which was adopted later in Europe in 17 century.
17世紀(jì)，歐洲吸納了中國的這種設(shè)計風(fēng)格
But on the heels of Daoism
但是緊跟道教而來的是
and preparing the way for something China had not known
當(dāng)時中國人還不知曉的一個宗教
an organized religion came Buddhism.
fo教
In 350 of our era,
公園350年
north China was conquered by people from central Asia
中國北部被中亞人征服
who are here to Buddhism.
把fo教帶入中國
Buddhism had already been developed of course in India and central Asia for many centuries.
fo教在印度、東亞等地發(fā)展已有幾個世紀(jì)之久
It took a long time to come to China.
用了很長時間才傳入中國
But when it came,
但是fo教一到中國
it was a great innovation.
就給中國帶來了全新的面貌
The new tremendous change
這是與道教全然不同的宗教
And something the Chinese had never seen,
有一種東西中國人從來沒有見過
the statute
雕像
They are so common in Greek culture, in Egyptian culture, in Indian culture
雖讓雕像在希臘、埃及和印度文化里很常見
But Chinese,
但是對于中國人
that’s one of the main characteristics Chinese art
這也是中國藝術(shù)的主要特點之一
Chinese didn’t know any important idol statutes.
中國人從來不知道偶像崇拜
We have the statutes of these soldiers
雖然中國有兵馬俑
But they are not to be worshiped
但那并不是用來膜拜的
They do not represent deities
他們也不代表神
Statutes of deities of ancestor is introduced by Buddhism
祖先的神像是由fo教帶來的
Buddhism greatly developed
fo教在中國有了很大發(fā)展
And its way of how it took over, it was introduced and conquered China
它是外來的宗教 卻征服了中國
It’s interesting for us in a way also
我們對這一點很感興趣
western culture was adopted and conquered China in many ways
因為很多方面，西方文化也被借鑒并影響了中國文化
by translation
通過翻譯
The first time Chinese learn foreign languages was
中國人第一次接觸外語
when they have to learn sanscrit
And other Indian languages, like Bali and ---
to translate the Buddhist classics
After this period, after this classical empire
這個時期之后
there comes a moment when we Europe are steeped in the so called “dark middle ages”
當(dāng)歐洲人還處于“黑暗的中世紀(jì)”
China has the glorious empire of Tang
中國卻進(jìn)入了輝煌的唐朝
First it was united by a short dynasty called Sui
唐朝之前還有一個比較短暫的朝代 隋朝
And then you have the long Tang dynasty
之后才是歷時悠久的唐朝
At that moment, Chinese culture comes to a maturity
中國文化在唐朝已經(jīng)趨于成熟
You can appreciate it through its art
這一點在藝術(shù)上得以反映
The horse painted by one of the famous artist of the Tang period
這幅駿馬圖為唐朝一位著名畫家所繪
Symbolizes at the same time the enormous craftsmanship
顯示了當(dāng)時手工技藝的純熟
and artistic drawing of art of this period
以及繪畫技藝的精湛
And also this horse which comes not from China
這匹馬也不是來自中國
but comes from western Asia
而是西亞
it comes from away from Fagana
遙遠(yuǎn)的Fagana
is a sign of the extension of Chinese culture and
這表明了中國文化的傳播
also the extension of Chinese trade rules to these regions
也表明了中國的貿(mào)易規(guī)則在那些地區(qū)的傳播
The Tang is really the summit of Chinese culture
唐朝確實是中國文化的鼎盛時期
And we still read with great delight the poem written at that time
唐詩也一直為世人詠頌 流傳至今
there are still love poems just as in the Book of Songs
與《詩經(jīng)》一樣 唐朝仍然有描寫愛情的詩
as this “River” cherished by Chinese more than anyone else
就像這首《長干行》倍受中國人喜愛
this very simple but very profound
這首詩內(nèi)容簡單而深刻
poem about children who meet when they were very young
說的是兩個小孩從小一起長大
and will be married afterwards and have a very happy life
長大以后就要結(jié)為夫婦 快樂的生活
While my hair was still cut straight across my forehead
妾發(fā)初覆額
I played about the front gate, pulling flowers.
折花門前劇
You came by on bamboo stilts, playing horse
郎騎竹馬來
You walked about my seat, playing with blue plums.
繞床弄青梅。
This beautiful translation is by Ezra Pound
這首美麗的唐詩是由愛斯拉•龐德翻譯的
People from all over the world then flocked to Xi’an, Chang’an
那時世界各地的人都涌向西安，當(dāng)時叫長安
and the great figures from that period showed this
數(shù)據(jù)顯示
Persian, Chashcar, Coushan merchant with his fregant hat
-----人帶著---帽子，騎著駱駝走進(jìn)長安
sitting on the camel waving hello while he arrives at the Chinese capital,
向中國人問好
with a lot of merchandise on his saddle.
駝背上滿載著貨物
The same period was also that China for the first time knew Christianity
在這個時期 中國人也是第一次接觸到了基督教
The historian Uranian kind of Christianity came to China and was
這種歷史的Uranian式的基督教
preached before it became completely assimilated in China itself
先是由牧師傳道 然后才被中國吸收
Now we come to the third period
接下來是第三個時期
Pre-modern and modern China
近代和現(xiàn)代中國
Four important discoveries will forge the destiny of China and the world
四大發(fā)明決定了中國和世界的命運
The invention of printing, the invention of magnetic compass,
印刷術(shù) 指南針
gun powder and
火藥
not to forget tea
當(dāng)然 別忘了還有茶
Before we talk about tea
在說茶之前
Which might be useful perhaps for you to cut off your jet-lag
也許茶能幫助你們倒一下時差
This is printing
先說印刷術(shù)
And what was printed?
印的什么呢
That was of course first of all the classics together with Buddhist scriptures
當(dāng)然是古代經(jīng)典和fo經(jīng)
Like in Europe,
同歐洲一樣
printing enabled teaching and learning to spread incredibly
印刷術(shù)讓教育和學(xué)習(xí)得以廣泛傳播
So what had been until then a reserve kind of knowledge and expertise of a very small group
以前知識和技能還只是掌握在少數(shù)人手里
Of people who could afford manuscripts, who have the time to transport them
只有有錢、有時間的人才能去買書
Now became absolutely distributed everywhere
現(xiàn)在 書卻遍地都是了
Printing allowed every Chinese to have access to knowledge and to learning
印刷術(shù)讓每個中國人都有機會去學(xué)習(xí)
The classical books were printed in incredible numbers
這些古代經(jīng)典被大量印刷
Spread all over the empire
在唐朝任何一個地方都能買到
And now every peasant boy could prepare for the examinations
這樣 平民百姓也能參加科舉考試了
Creating the famous Chinese success story
于是有了著名的中國式的成功故事
From wrecks to riches
飛黃騰達(dá)
That is the theme of so many theatre pieces, so many novels
多少戲劇、小說，也都曾以此為題材
The poor peasant boy who by sheer hard work studying at night under the moonlight
窮困的書生 日夜燈下苦讀
Learning by heart the classics
背誦四書五經(jīng)
Then going up to the examinations
然后進(jìn)京考試
to became the prime minister of china
后來他成了總理
Not a millionaire
而不是百萬富翁
The magnetic compass and also sailing and ship building technology
指南針、航海和造船技術(shù)
Allow china to reach out wide over the seas
讓中國的足跡走向了遙遠(yuǎn)的大海
Especially through southeast Asia and way until Africa and Madagascar
從東南亞一直走到非洲和馬達(dá)加斯加
Here we find this ancient Chinese compasses
這就是中國古代的指南針
that allowed navigators to orient themselves to know where they were
航海家用它們定位
when they are on the high seas
在海上辨別方向
And then of course guns transformed war
當(dāng)然還有改變了戰(zhàn)爭模式的火槍
There is a kind of story that likes to say that Chinese invented gun powder
有人說中國人確實是發(fā)明了火藥
but they only use it for fireworks
但只是用來做煙花的
Sure Chinese fireworks are wonderful
對 中國的煙花很漂亮
It’s a great gift in humanity
這是人類的財富
But we very soon they find also the military use of guns
但是很快人們就發(fā)現(xiàn)火藥的軍事用途
and to transform Chinese warfare tremendously
從此 中國的戰(zhàn)爭模式發(fā)生了巨大變化
Even if gun technology remained rather rudimentary
即使那個時候的造槍技術(shù)還處于初級階段
Politics,rokers were also created in the same period
But let’s talk about tea
現(xiàn)在來說說茶
Why is tea such an enormous invention?
為什么茶也是一個重要發(fā)明呢
It’s neglected,
茶的重要性被人們忽略了
My friend and mentor, Joseph Needham,
我的朋友 也是我的導(dǎo)師 Joseph Needham
introduced the notion of four Chinese inventions
給我講了中國的四大發(fā)明
Of course they are many more
當(dāng)然還有很多其他的發(fā)明
Chinese invented a lot of things
中國的發(fā)明太多了
But he forgot I think which is the most important one,
但是他卻忽略了我認(rèn)為恰恰是最重要的一個發(fā)明
which is tea
茶
What makes tea so important?
茶為什么如此重要
Coming from Europe, I come from a wine and beer drinking background
我來自歐洲，歐洲人都喜歡喝啤酒和紅酒
Why beer developed?
啤酒是怎樣發(fā)明的呢
Because in sedimentary settlements,
在沉積性定居點
that started from the neo-lithic revolution about 10,000BC in Europe
在公元前10世紀(jì)新石器時代的歐洲就出現(xiàn)了
The problem was the pollution of water
水的污染成為一個嚴(yán)重問題
Whenever people congregated on a certain place
因為只要是人們聚集在某處
They will soil the environment
人們就會把環(huán)境弄臟
and make water very soon undrinkable
水變得不可飲用
Water became dangerous
成了危險的東西
People know that
人們也認(rèn)識到了這一點
One way to make water drinkable and disinfected,
讓水變得可以安全飲用
is to add fermentation, to add alcohol
有一種方法就是加入發(fā)酵劑 加入酒精
To fermented with leaves making beer or
植物發(fā)酵，就做成了啤酒
with the fermented grapes, making wine
葡萄發(fā)酵，就做成了葡萄酒
And mixed with water as peasants still doing -----
So then of course it becomes drinkable
這樣 水也就能喝了
But whatever we may like
但是不管我們多喜歡喝酒
We have to acknowledge that drinking a lot of alcohol is not so good for your health
我們都必須承認(rèn) 酒喝太多了并不好
And it passes on your next generation
還會遺傳給下一代
China also was a wine drinking country
中國也曾經(jīng)是一個飲酒的國家
Then one day someone discovered that
但是有一天，有一個突然發(fā)現(xiàn)
By boiling water, you made it, you purified it,
把水煮開可以去掉水中的雜質(zhì)
you kill germs, you made it drinkable
殺掉細(xì)菌 水就變得可以飲用
By adding to boiled water
開水中可以加入一些東西
Tea originally means…“Cha” in modern Chinese
“茶”在近代漢語里的最初的意思
Southern Chinese pronunciation tea of Southern Fujian “dai”
南方人把茶說成“dai”
Under that name it became known to the merchants of Europe who are first in this part of China
歐洲人在福建第一次聽說“茶”，就是叫dai
But tea in those regions really means boiled water, kaishui
但是茶最初的意思是“開水”
But you can not add all kinds of herbs, leaves, decoctions
當(dāng)然 不是隨便什么花花草草都可以煮
that have healing properties,
有的有治療功效，
who have thirst quenching properties, who have stimulating properties
有的解渴，有的可以使人精神興奮
And you can’t make all kinds of teas
也不是什么東西都可以用來做茶
Tea becomes a refined culture
這樣 茶就成了一種高雅文化
It became something that China expert
成了中國人的專長
In the first place it becomes the national drink
首先它成為國人都喜歡的飲品
That does the way with the satisfaction of alcohol
可以帶來與酒相同的滿足感
One of the reasons china became such very a populous nation
中國人之所以成為一個人口眾多的國家
Is because it starts drinking tea
就是因為中國人開始喝茶
One of the reasons Chinese became so important and wealthy
中國之所以變得如此富饒
and expanded so much first in southern Asia then all over the world
幅員遼闊 版圖從南亞向世界擴張
was because of tea
就是因為茶
We’ll come back to that
我們稍后再講原因
Here as the symbol of Chinese culture and Chinese tea culture are the most magnificent tea cups ever made
這是最精美的茶杯，是中國文化和中國茶文化的象征
They are from 10th and 11th century
這些茶具是公元10世紀(jì)和11世紀(jì)的
They are from the Northern Song period
中國的北宋時期
They were exported; they were taken by Zen monks from Japan
茶具出口到日本，日本的禪僧買下它們
And was used in the Japanese tea ceremony
并在茶道
中使用
In Japan, these bowls from northern Fujian;
這些茶碗來自福建北部
They called them in Japan temucu
在日本叫做temucu
Until today, the most surprised national treasures
直到現(xiàn)在，還被視為國寶
During this important period,
在這個重要時期
of what was already some kind of modern China
中國已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)了近代中國的端倪
Who knew already printing, who knew already guns, who know already high sea navigation
已經(jīng)擁有了印刷術(shù)，制造火藥槍支，進(jìn)行遠(yuǎn)航
A new market economy took place
同時 新型的市場經(jīng)濟也開始出現(xiàn)
Mutil-cooperation and craft skills developed
開始有了合作公司和新的技術(shù)
The Chinese state as time that issued paper money
中國那時開始發(fā)行紙幣
That did not devalue for 300 years
300以來從未貶值
I yet have to say any European state was capable of doing that
到現(xiàn)在也沒有一個歐洲國家能夠做到這一點
Merchant banks and check issuing companies flourished
商業(yè)銀行和支票發(fā)行公司蓬勃發(fā)展
The state following the Taoist principle of
在道教思想的影響下
Free enterprise and non-intervention actively encouraged trade
中國奉行自由企業(yè)和不干涉政策極大的促進(jìn)了貿(mào)易的發(fā)展
First China became the first manufacturing
中國第一次成為世界第一的制造大國
and trading nation in the world
和貿(mào)易大國
Some place it finds back today
就像現(xiàn)在的中國一樣
Also during this period
也是在這一時期
The large Jewish community settled in the capital Kaifeng
大批猶太人在開封定居
Here is the synagogue of Kaifeng
這是開封的猶太教會堂
Of course it’s built in Chinese style
當(dāng)然了 建筑風(fēng)格是中式的
And this is one of the famous Kaifeng Torah
這是著名的開封猶太圣經(jīng)中的一本
The Five Books
地位相當(dāng)于中國的五經(jīng)
Jews were never discriminated against in China
猶太人在中國從未受到歧視
They were never persecuted
也從未受到迫害
But they were so much molded into Chinese culture
但是他們幾乎被中國文化同化
Except for their own ways of worship
除了保留了朝拜模式
And the continuous reading of their holy books
和自己的圣經(jīng)以外
They became just Chinese like anyone else
他們同其他的中國人沒有什么區(qū)別
This great and very refined empire was conquered by Genghis Khan
有著高雅文化的宋朝被成吉思汗所征服
By the Mongols, who conquered the whole then known civilized world
蒙古人打敗了當(dāng)時所有的文明世界
From Korea unto Poland, and the Balkan states
領(lǐng)
土從朝鮮半島到波蘭，到巴爾干半島
They founded Bejing, Peking, the place we are now here today
他們建立了北京城 也就是我們現(xiàn)在身處之地
They founded Peking as the capital of world
北京那時是世界的首都
They founded it, they didn’t live in it
蒙古人建立了北京城 卻不在城里住
They don’t want to abandon their yurts
他們舍不得自己的蒙古包
They built beautiful the first imperial palace
盡管建造的宮殿十分華美
The place you’ll visit this afternoon
你們今天下午將要看到的宮殿
Was first built by them
最初是蒙古人修建的
They didn"t want to live in it
但是他們卻不住
They just planned their yurts in the middle of Chinese buildings
只是想把蒙古包安插在各殿堂之間
But they liked to create China as the middle kingdom,
但是蒙古人喜歡讓中國成為一個統(tǒng)一的帝國
not any longer as a congregation, as the united states,
而不是作為松散的聯(lián)邦
but as the center of the world, the center of “Tianxia”, of whatever is under heaven
元大都是世界的中心，“天下”萬物的中心
Coleridge You may remember wrote this poem
你們或許記得科立芝的這首詩
“In Xanadu did Kubla Khan
忽必烈汗在上都曾經(jīng)
A stately pleasure dome decree:
下令造一座堂皇的安樂殿堂
Where Alph, the sacred river, ran
這地方有圣河亞fo流奔
Through caverns measureless to man
穿過深不可測的洞
Down to a sunless sea”
直流入不見陽光的海洋
It was imagined by Coleridge
這是科立芝想象的圖景
He meant of course Bejing
“上都”指的是北京
This is a model of how the imperial palace looked at that time
這是當(dāng)時皇宮的模型
Built by Kublai Khan in 1275
由忽必烈在1275年建立
But in fact Xanadu is not the name of Bejing
但事實上上都并不是現(xiàn)在的北京
It is the northern Mongo capital, a bit more to the north
是蒙古北部的首都 比北京往北
But he confounded both
科立芝搞混了
We don’t care,
但是這并不重要
I mean the poem is beautiful and it expresses the fascination of the west with Chinese culture
這首詩意境優(yōu)美，反映了西方對中國文化的迷戀
So when the Italian merchant Marco Polo in that same period visited China
所以當(dāng)意大利商人馬可波羅來到中國時
He found a place far more technologically advanced than anywhere in western Europe
他看到的是一個技術(shù)上遙遙領(lǐng)先于西方的國家
Here you have Marco Polo, an imagined painting of him
這就是馬可波羅的畫像
and the way he went to China overland
他從陸路進(jìn)入中國
And returned by the sea route
走水路離開
It rebuilt china and as the symbol of China
它重塑了中國的形象
It rebuilt the Great Wall as the separation that marks the civilization from what is not so civilized in Chinese eyes.
萬里長城是文明和非文明分界點
The Great Wall still exits,
長城一直留存至今
the Great Wall you will see today during your visit in China or next time is built by the Ming dynasty,
今天下午大家將要看到的長城是明朝修建的
It’s an incredible feat of technology and of work
這是技術(shù)和技藝的壯舉
but it’s also something that exits
留存至今的豐功偉績
Not only in concrete stone and in line
偉大的不僅僅是堆砌起來的石塊
but also mentally
更是長城精神
There is a Great Wall of China
中國建筑了萬里長城
Should we breach it or should we respect it?
我們應(yīng)該違背這一點還是尊敬這一點？
I think we should respect it.
我認(rèn)為我們應(yīng)該尊敬它
That fact it has not been respected
但是事實并不是如此
This wish of China to remain itself throughout changes
中國希望在變化中保持不變
Is something that is going to influence the history of China
這一點在歷史中發(fā)揮著重要影響
I am going to talk about it now.
我們現(xiàn)在就來談?wù)勥@一點
The first westerner, foreboder, bringer of good tidings and also less good was Matteo Ricci of the Associate’s “Yesu”, the Jesuit
來自西方的利瑪竇，給中國帶來好消息和壞消息的耶穌會信徒
He was the first westerner, unlike Marco Polo, who really learned Chinese,
是第一個真正學(xué)習(xí)古代漢語和古典文化
who learned classical Chinese,
第一個真正接觸中國古典文化的西方人
who came to contact with classical culture.
這是他與馬可波羅的區(qū)別
and who for the first time introduced Confucianism to the west
他還第一次把儒教介紹給了西方
He spent 28 years in China and died in Bejing,
利瑪竇在中國生活了28年 在北京去世
where his tombs still can be found
他的墳?zāi)怪两袢栽诒本?br >Shortly after the visit, the life of Matteo Ricci in China,
利瑪竇死后不久
the last dynasty, the Qing dynasty,
就是中國的最后一個朝代 清朝
who not really of Chinese origin,
清朝的建立者并不是中原人士
but of Nvzhen from northern China,
而是中國北部的女真族
we now call them the national minorities,
也就是現(xiàn)在說的少數(shù)民族
the Manchus took power and reigned China from 1644 to 1911
滿族他們統(tǒng)治著1644年至1911年的中國
This is dynasty marks the beginning of Chinese decline,
清朝標(biāo)志著中國的衰落
the beginning of foreign encroachment
外國勢力的入侵
China was then imposed upon in various ways
中國那時飽受壓迫
and has to relinquish part of his sovereignty
被迫要放棄一部分主權(quán)
Through the so called unequal treaties
通過簽訂不平等條約
where foreign powers took but not give anything in return
中國的土地和財產(chǎn)幾乎是拱手相讓給西方列強
But at the same time this forceful opening of China
但是中國同時也被迫打開了國門
favored the export of Chinese goods to Europe but also to America
中國的商品出口到歐洲和美國
Where people greatly prized Chinese products and manufactured goods
受到高度評價和歡迎
Also at the same time
同時
Chinese culture and science spread to the west
中國的文化和技術(shù)也傳播到西方
The first book that mentions Confucianism,
第一本提到儒教的書
that really is a treaty on Confucianism is called the Morals of Confucius
《儒家道德》 一本關(guān)于儒教的協(xié)約
by a Chinese philosopher published in London 1641
是由一位中國哲學(xué)家1641年在倫敦出版的
And the great minds of Europe at that day like Leibniz
歐洲偉大的哲學(xué)家萊布尼茨
In someway the father of today’s digitalization and computerization
可以說是當(dāng)代數(shù)字化和電腦化之父
was the greatest scientist of his time
也是當(dāng)時最偉大的科學(xué)家
was greatly influenced by Chinese thought, Chinese philosophy
就深受中國思想、中國哲學(xué)的影響
Also Europe in a rage adopt Chinese art
歐洲還十分鐘愛中國的藝術(shù)
In stead of classical gardens, it adopted the Chinese gardens
歐洲的公園是中式的 而不是歐式
This is such a common feature we don’t even think about it
人們甚至都沒有注意到這一點
But our garden art is purely Chinese
但是歐洲的園林藝術(shù)的確非常中國化
and find its root in the Taoism visions of nature I just showed
并且根植于中國道教對自然的理解
It changed the perception of nature and space fundamentally in the west
它完全改變了西方對自然和宇宙的看法
Here you have the example of the Q gardens,
這是Q公園
the English garden as is later called built in 1762
后來叫做英國公園 1762年建立
But everyone was mad at China,
所有人對中國癡迷
Chinese paper, Chinese wall paper and of course Chinese Ceramics, Chinese porcelain
中國的紙、墻紙、陶器、瓷器
This is a corner of an apartment in Paris, France
這是法國巴黎公寓的一角
decorated in china style, le style chinois in 1770
1770年 裝飾成中國風(fēng)格
And then you have export porcelain
中國那時就出口瓷器
My grandmother still had a cabinet of Chinese porcelain in her home in Holland
我的祖母直到現(xiàn)在在荷蘭的家里還保存著一套中國瓷器
Where this kind of porcelain, this plate has the armories of my family,
這套瓷器上有我家庭的徽章
nota which means shipper
nota的意思是貨主
This is the Latin translation
這是拉丁語
was made on order “ --- de command ”
這套瓷器是定制的
Made in China in Jingdezhen in Jiangxi province
是在江西景德鎮(zhèn)做的
In the 17 and 18 century,
十七、十八世紀(jì)
you could write a letter to the east Indian company
你可以寫一封給東印度公司
They would take it to China
信會寄到中國
Then it would go to Jingdezhen
到景德鎮(zhèn)
Then the Chinese kilns would order your table service of 200 pieces,
然后中國的陶窯會按你的要求燒制整套餐具
with your armories on it
并把家庭的徽章也做在上面
Then they would pack it,
瓷器做好后包裝
then they would ship it,
運輸
then you would get it back in Amsterdam
然后你會在阿姆斯特丹收到它們
It would take several years
整個過程可能要用幾年的時間
but not one piece would be missing
但是一片瓷器都不會少
Every body went about it.
每個人都對此迷戀不已
Kings of France in Versailles did not build the pleasure dome
住在凡爾賽的法國國王沒有建造娛樂式的圓屋頂
But they built Chinese gardens and Chinese theme pavilions
而是中國公園和亭子
This was Luise XVI, says: le petite ----in Paris France, you can still see it
這是路易十六，上面寫著：法國巴黎
Tea became the world’s rage.
茶也風(fēng)行世界
Tea clippers raced to bring the new harvest of tea to England and to the US
茶商競相把豐收的
茶葉賣到英國和美國
In every house you’ll find this puter tea canners
每家每戶都能見到---
Tea was expensive
茶葉很貴
But everybody drink tea
但是每個人都喝茶
Tea was a big invention, the big thing --
茶是一個很重要的發(fā)明
Tea also brought revolution, like the Boston Tea Party
茶帶來了革命 比如波士頓傾茶事件
And then finally tea brought war
茶最終帶來了戰(zhàn)爭
The balance of payment was so uneven
國際收支十分不平衡
The story of Rome buying Chinese silk repeated itself in such a cruel way
羅馬購買中國絲綢的故事再一次殘酷的重演
That the western treasuries were depleted by silvery being paid to China to buy tea
西方的財富都變成
白銀滾滾流入中國
King George III, put one of his most prized statesmen George Macartney
喬治三世的派自己的親信George Macartney
to go to China as special ambassador
作為特使遣往中國
and leave no stone unturned and do whatever he took and spending and giving gifts to try to make some kind of agreement with the Chinese where china in exchange for tea would take western goods
讓他想盡辦法，贈送禮品，不惜一切代價與中國達(dá)成協(xié)議 希望能用西方的貨物交換中國的茶葉
So Macartney brought a royal carriage to Emperor Qianlong,
所以Macartney給乾隆皇帝送去了一車禮物
who said I have no use for such things
但乾隆說這些東西我們都用不著
We Chinese have all we need.
我們中國什么都有了
Our culture is superior and we don’t want your foreign goods
我們的文化優(yōu)越 不需要外國的貨物
So Macatrney, in the secret Memorandum said
這樣 在機密備忘錄里 Macartney寫到：
if you don’t do it, we’ll import opium
如果你們不給我們茶葉 我們就進(jìn)口
鴉片The opium trade and here it is painted by one of the people of his office,
這幅畫的是鴉片貿(mào)易 是Macarney辦公室的人畫的
who escorted him here you see
就是站在他旁邊的這一個
Macartney kneeling before emperor Qianlong,
Macarney跪在乾隆皇帝面前
in a completely fruitless undertaking
徒勞無功
So the British started cultivating opium “Bengal”
于是英國人開始種植鴉片
for the purpose of bringing it to China
目的就是賣給中國
In China then opium consumption, smoking opium was already forbidden
那時中國已經(jīng)明令禁止了吸食鴉片
But that law was not respected
但是并沒有得到執(zhí)行
It really served its purpose from the British and western point of view
在英國人和西方眼中 鴉片貿(mào)易的確達(dá)到了效果
It dramatically reversed the balance of payment of trade
貿(mào)易收支平衡得到扭轉(zhuǎn)
The amount of opium brought into China was approximately 2000 chests per year by1800
1800年 每年銷售到中國的鴉片只有2000箱左右
A few years after the mission, the embassy of Macartney
Macartney來中國之后
15 years later that number had risen to 100,000 chests
15年以后 銷量達(dá)到每年10萬箱
The Chinese treasury was drained
中國的財富不斷外流
and millions of Chinese became opium addicts
數(shù)百萬中國人稱為癮君子
Faced with intolerable situation,
面對這種忍無可忍的情況
the Chinese government reinforced the opium prohibition
中國政府加強了禁煙措施
and directed Commissioner Lin Zexu to enforce the ban.
并指派林則徐作為禁煙專員
Lin Zexu seized all opium that was entered into China illegally and burned them
林則徐收繳了所有非法流入中國的鴉片并且進(jìn)行焚燒
That touched of the first opium war
這成為第一次鴉片戰(zhàn)爭的導(dǎo)火索
The first opium war ended into the first unequal treaties
第一次鴉片戰(zhàn)爭之后 中國簽訂了第一個不平等條約
For instance the linkage of Hong Kong to England as a composition
其中把香港割讓給英國就是一部分
In spite of many attempts to turn the tide,
盡管做了很多努力
the Qing dynasty went under through outer aggression to inner risings.
清朝還是陷入了內(nèi)憂外患
The second opium war brought the western troops into Beijing
第二次鴉片戰(zhàn)爭中 西方軍隊進(jìn)入了京城
where they destroyed quite near from here the western style palace, style of Versailles
摧毀了凡爾賽式的園林 那座園林就離這里不遠(yuǎn)
To the right you have the originals of the building and
右邊這幅是破壞之前的建筑
to the left the ruins that left
左邊這幅是戰(zhàn)爭后的廢墟
Other rebellions like the Taiping rebellion,
起義有太平天國革命
the rebellion fought against opium and the polices of the Qing government was defeated
反抗鴉片和清政府政策的起義失敗了
As a result of the impoverishment of China and the unstableness of the situation
中國變得貧窮 局勢又不穩(wěn)定
Many Chinese started to immigrate
很多中國人開始移民
They went to the US in great numbers
很多人去了美國
And worked to the building of the American rail roads
在美國當(dāng)工人 修鐵路
Other attacks like the Sino-French war was the most ridiculous of all because
中法戰(zhàn)爭是所有戰(zhàn)爭中最愚蠢的
On August 23 in 1884
1884年8月23日
the French destroyed the Chinese fleet at Fuzhou the place where I live that they had initially helped to build
法國人在福州摧毀了他們曾幫助建造的中國艦隊，我就住在福州
And then comes the Sino-Japanese war and
然后是中日戰(zhàn)爭
here you see emperor Mizuhito with his ministers 這是mizuhito(明治？)天皇和他的大臣
all dressed in western clothes planning how to attack China
全都穿著西方的服飾 計劃攻擊中國
But in the mean time, a new tide was coming in China
同時 中國也出現(xiàn)了新的發(fā)展方向
And the lead of China, the Confucianism scholars
中國的領(lǐng)軍人物 儒家學(xué)派
Like Kang Youwei you see here
比如康有為
thought about the plight of the nation and how it could be saved from destruction
目睹國民苦難 思索救國良策
He befriended the young emperor Guangxu
他是年輕皇帝光緒的好朋友
And persuaded him to adopt series of revolutionary decrees for the modernization of China
勸說皇帝接受一系列變法措施
during the hundred days of reform
也就是“百日維新”
following the defeat of China by Japan之后中日戰(zhàn)爭中中國戰(zhàn)敗His efforts were then blocked by the empress dowager “Cixi”
慈禧太后不支持變法
It came to nothing
百日維新最終失敗
But after the second opium war and
但是第二次鴉片戰(zhàn)爭后
especially the defeat of the Taiping rebellion you see here
尤其是太平天國起義失敗后
Great privileges had been granted to western missionaries
西方傳教士獲得了更多的特權(quán)
and the Chinese peasants rose up against that in so called “Box of Rising” of 1900,
1990年，由中國農(nóng)民組成的“義和團”起義
which gave again the western powers the pretext to interference with China
給了西方列強又一個干涉中國的借口
and to launch another military expedition
開始了新一輪的軍事攻擊
Here you see the western troops entering into the imperial palace in Beijing in 1901
這是1901年西方軍隊進(jìn)入北京故宮
In 1912, China became a republic
1912年 中華民國成立
From then on it stroke to take its place within the nations of the world
從此 中國開始努力恢復(fù)在世界上的地位
One of the first attempts that were made was to join in the allies in the first world war.
所作的努力包括在一戰(zhàn)中加入?yún)f(xié)約國
In 1917, China became the member of allied triple entente
1917年，中國加入?yún)f(xié)約國集團
on the condition that an end would be made to these unequal treaties at least for Germany.
條件是至少終止于德國簽訂的不平等條約
At end of the war, if the war were successful,
戰(zhàn)爭結(jié)束后 如果協(xié)約國獲勝
the German possessions in China would be returned to China
德國侵占中國的領(lǐng)土將歸還給中國
That year in 1917, 140,000 Chinese were sent to France as labor corps,
1917年，14萬華工被派到法國
they dig trenches, many died in France
挖戰(zhàn)壕 很多人就死在法國
But when the war was over,
但是戰(zhàn)爭結(jié)束后
the Versailles treaties sealed the agreements between the allied nations and Germany,
《凡爾賽和約》讓協(xié)約國和德國之間達(dá)成了協(xié)議
the German possessions were not returned to China but given to Japan
德國侵占的中國領(lǐng)土 沒有還給中國 而是給了日本
That was something that China could not admit, could not condole
這一點是中國絕對不能容忍 不能接受的
So here the very important date in modern Chinese history
所以 在中國歷史上重要的一天
May 4, 1919, a few days after the conclusion of Versailles Treaty
1919年5月4日 就在《凡爾賽和約》簽訂的幾天后
Students of this university staged spontaneously a demonstration on the Ti’anmen place
就是這所大學(xué)的學(xué)生 在天安門廣場舉行了示威游行
to protest against what had been done
對做出的決定表示抗議
and how China had been spoiled his rightful claim of the German possessions in Shandong and his own sovereignty.
對中國的合理要求和主權(quán)遭到踐踏表示不滿 要求德國將中國在膠東半島的主權(quán)歸還中國
This movement sparked a whole nation wide movement of national renewal and national reconstruction.
這次運動在全國范圍內(nèi)掀起了復(fù)興和重建的高潮
The second Chinese Japanese war took place from July 7 1937 to September 9 1949
第二次中日戰(zhàn)爭是1937年7月7日至1949年9月9日
It was the largest Asian war in the 20th century
這是二十世紀(jì)亞洲規(guī)模最大的戰(zhàn)爭
The war is known in China as the “Kangzhan”
中國把它叫做“抗戰(zhàn)”
First of all until 1941, China fought alone
1941年以前，一直是中國孤軍奮戰(zhàn)
But after Pearl Harbor,
但是
珍珠港戰(zhàn)役后
the war against Japan became a part of the allied course
同盟國也加入抗日戰(zhàn)爭
After the Kangzhan, the Chinese communist party, who took an important role in fighting against Japanese, took over power, and the People’s Republic of China was proclaimed on October 1 1949.
中國共產(chǎn)黨在抗戰(zhàn)中起到了重要作用 抗日戰(zhàn)爭勝利后 中國共產(chǎn)黨建立政權(quán) 并且在1949年10月1日宣布中華人民共和國成立
This classical historical picture of Chairman Mao Zedong proclaiming the founding of the People’s Republic of China is known to all Chinese.
這是毛澤東主席宣布中華人民共和國成立的
照片 每個中國人都很熟悉
The Chinese has stood up.
中國人民站起來了
The nation integrity was recovered
國家主權(quán)得以恢復(fù)
Here we have the historical date in 1997,
這是1997年 歷史性的一天
the day Hong Kong was united with mother land
中國香港終于回歸母親的懷抱
I have come almost to the end of my talk
我的講座到這里也基本結(jié)束了
I just want to take you a very short excursion to the place you are going to see this afternoon
我還想再給你們講講你們今天下午將要去看的宮殿
The imperial palace
故宮
You will enter here through this historical place
你們將會從這個歷史性的地點進(jìn)入故宮
Where the People’s Republic was proclaimed
在這里 中國人民共和國宣告成立
Where the demonstration of 4 May also took place
在這里 “五四運動”示威游行
Where the boxer rebellion was fought
在這里 義和團義士拋灑鮮血
The Ti’anmen
這就是天安門
You’ll go in through this vast building
然后您們就走進(jìn)了巨大的殿堂
Which is called the “old palace”, “gugong”
故宮
Which is still built on the same model as the imperial palace of Kublai Khan as the centre of world
還是在忽必烈建立的“世界的中心”的基礎(chǔ)上建立的
You will see this grandeurse stage of Chinese culture splendor
在這個中華文化的璀璨舞臺上
But you will see no cannons
沒有大炮
You will see no military display
也沒有軍隊
You will see very simple, beautiful and grandeurse architecture
你看到的是簡潔、壯麗、莊嚴(yán)的建筑
Of course compared to the Versailles Palace or the Louvre Palace or the White House
當(dāng)然我是說跟凡爾賽宮、盧浮宮和白宮比
I mean the Imperial Palace of Beijing is absolutely incomparable
這些宮殿根比無法和故宮比擬
It’s so big
故宮很大
Please put on good shoes this afternoon
下午一定要穿上舒服的鞋子
It’s enormous and you will only see a small part of it
故宮太大了 今天下午大家只能欣賞一部分
It’s grandeurse but at the same time very simple
它莊嚴(yán)而簡潔
It was until 1911 the residence of the son of heaven
1991年之前一直是天子的居住的地方
It was imperial without being imperialistic
它有著皇家氣派卻并不顯得帝國專制
It was stern without guns
嚴(yán)肅但沒有槍炮
Beautiful but without luxury
華美但不奢華
grand and yet human
宏偉壯麗又不失人性
The old palace was intended for the great rites and ceremonies of the Chinese state
故宮本來中國進(jìn)行盛大儀式和典禮的地方
this always remained based on the Chinese classics
根據(jù)中國傳統(tǒng)一直保留
so it looks outside very Confucian
所以它外表看起來很儒家
But in fact, in the innermost recess of the palace
但事實上，在宮殿的最深處
There is this room where the most important decisions of the state were taken
有一個房間 最重要的國家決策在那里制定
Here we see an inscription above the tomb
這塊墓碑上寫著
Which says “do nothing”
“無為”
A Taoist precept “wuwei”
是道教的告誡
Do not interfere against nature and all will be in order
不要打亂自然的秩序 一切都會恢復(fù)正常
Or even more clearly
或者說的更明白一點
Adapt to the circumstances
隨遇而安
And also a little known fact
還有一點知道的人并不多
That at the very summit, the very apex to the utmost north place
在故宮的最北端
The most noble place in the imperial palace
故宮里最神圣的地方
There is a Taoist temple
是一座道觀
It’s called the Taoist Temple of Imperial Peace, Qinangong
叫做
Because indeed between the two main ways of thoughts in China
確實 在中國的兩種主要哲學(xué)思想中
There is a higher king
都存在著一個更高的王
Confucius is the disciple of Laozi
孔子是老子的門徒
Culture is the disciple of nature
文化是自然的門徒
Natura antes agister
Together the union of culture and the union of nature
文化的統(tǒng)一和自然的統(tǒng)一
make the heaven and man,
讓天和人
Heaven standing for nature
天就是自然
The natural order are united
實現(xiàn)了天人合一
Together they comminute in the cosmic principle of –---yin and yang principle
Because everything always changes
因為萬物在變
Taoism in Chinese culture stresses adaptation
中國文化的道教強調(diào)的是適應(yīng)
The highest good is to be like water
上善若水
Confucianism stresses learning
儒教重視的是學(xué)習(xí)
To study and to ever possible apply what you’ve learned is the source of joy is
學(xué)而時習(xí)乎 不亦樂乎
The first sentence of Confucian Analects
是《論語》的開篇語
Today everywhere in the world people learn Chinese
現(xiàn)在 世界各地的人都在積極學(xué)習(xí)漢語
Chinese food, Chinese medicine and Chinese self-cultivation practice are welcomed everywhere
中餐、中醫(yī)和中國的修身養(yǎng)性之道為世界各地所歡迎
Here is a picture in London
這是在倫敦
People start practicing Taijiquan
人們開始練習(xí)太極拳
My conclusion is that
我的結(jié)論是
culture exchange brings culture development
文化交流帶來文化發(fā)展
And only when we are willing to learn from each other
只有我們都愿意相互學(xué)習(xí)
Can humanity enjoy peaceful progress
人類才能實現(xiàn)和平進(jìn)步
Thank you very much
非常感謝大家
Thank you, thank you
thank you，thank you very much.
謝謝，謝謝，謝謝，非常感謝
I am very sorry I’ve been to long
抱歉我講的時間太長了
But just like you I am suffering from jet lag
但是我跟大家一樣 時差還沒調(diào)過來呢
I am just back from Europe.
我剛從歐洲回來
I am just a bit slow
反應(yīng)還有點慢
I had a lot to say
我有很多東西都想講
I am sorry
實在抱歉
If you feel drowsy and feel like sleeping
如果你們覺得昏昏欲睡
You are perfectly excused
那完全不是你們的錯
But I hope the organizers will allow us a few minutes more
但是我仍然希望組織方能再給我們幾分鐘的時間
Because I very much look forward to hearing a little bit from you too
因為我非常想聽一聽你們的意見
This may be the one moment in your trip
現(xiàn)在 是我們暢游中國文化的旅途中
that we can have a discussion with Chinese friends through me or directly
大家能夠與通過我與中國朋友交流 或者直接交流的時候
So to whom I gave the word first?
那誰第一個說呢
Who wants to say something?
誰想發(fā)表一下看法
Thank you
謝謝
First of all, I"d like to thank you for sharing your words with us
首先 感謝您與我們分享您的觀點
Whether you are new to the history or not
不管原先我們是否了解中國歷史
Your scholarly wisdom and scholarship have certainly enriched my understanding about China
您的智慧和學(xué)識大大加深了我對中國文化的理解
For that I thank you
我對此表示由衷的感謝
I just finished Simon Winchester’s delightful book,
我剛剛讀完Simon Winchester的引人入勝書
the man who love China
書名叫《愛上中國的男人》
Which is very much like the story your friend and mentor as you described Joseph Needham
他的經(jīng)歷跟您的導(dǎo)師和朋友Joseph Needham很像
And his life long love of China and his research and scholarship here
書中講了他對中國的長久的熱愛以及他的研究和學(xué)問
From my academic perspective
從我的學(xué)術(shù)觀點來看
Much of that book dwells on the question as to
這本書大部分是在探討
why China over the last 400 or 500 years sort of lost its reputation, lost its way with regard to innovation
為什么中國在過去四五百年中，喪失了世界大國的地位，沒能走上創(chuàng)新的道路
Much of the earlier story chronicles the amazing innovation,
中國早期的歷史 有令人驚嘆的發(fā)明
innovative history here in China in medicine, science and engineering
不管是機器、科學(xué)還是工程，都顯示著創(chuàng)新
But then prior to the last 30 years
但是過去三十年以前的中國
China seemed to have gone into a slumber
中國似乎沉睡了
At least that is the thesis of the book
至少這本書是這樣講的
I am gathering from your commentary here today
從您今天的演講中
that you believe much of that slumber or the period of decline
我覺得您認(rèn)為中國的沉睡，或者說中國的衰落
might have been a result of foreign aggression and subjugation
是由于外國勢力的入侵和掌控
Is that fair to say that if not
那么是不是可以說 如果沒有入侵
why did the innovation seem to shift over the last 400 or 500 years to Europe and the new world away from China?
為什么過去四、五百年 創(chuàng)新的中心從中國轉(zhuǎn)向了歐洲和其他新興的地區(qū)？
Well, thank you very much for this question.
感謝你的提問
I can’t say I was looking forward to it but I am very happy
我其實沒想到會有這樣的問題 但是還是很高興有人這樣問
I of course have no clear answer
我沒有確切的答案
But someone I respect very much
但是有一位我很尊敬的人
And have been a far closer collaborator than Joseph Needham
我跟他的合作關(guān)系比Joseph Needham還有親密
is Nathan Steven
他就是Nathan Steven
Now working at the University of Pennsylvania
現(xiàn)在在賓夕法尼亞大學(xué)教書
He is still teaching although he has reached retirement age
盡管已經(jīng)過了退休的年齡 但還是在教學(xué)
He has written very insightful responses to Needham’s famous question:
他對Needham著名的問題做了出色的解答
Why didn’t the scientific revolution take place in China or did it?
為什么中國沒有發(fā)生科學(xué)技術(shù)的革命，或者說革命已經(jīng)發(fā)生了？
Because in fact it’s far more complicated
因為事實情況非常復(fù)雜
Sure imperial decline,
帝國的衰落
that fact that the power of China was taken over by the Manchu
中國的政權(quán)為滿清掌握
who had not this high civilization background at the end of Ming
他們的文化水平還遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)達(dá)不到明末漢人的水平
but was very much against it
也十分抵制文化
was very important
這一點對科學(xué)的創(chuàng)新來說有很大影響
the fact that Joseph Needham often says that
Joseph Needham經(jīng)常說
when you want to make a career in China,
那時若想實現(xiàn)你的宏圖之志
unlike the Ming dynasty
與明朝不同
to be proficient, to be knowledgeable and to be innovative in technical and or scientific ways wasn’t answered any more
明朝所重視的科技上的精通熟練、創(chuàng)新發(fā)明已經(jīng)不管用了
only the more fundamentalistic knowledge of the classics,
只有諳知四書五經(jīng)
the reciting of the classics, the writing of classical Chinese
會背誦經(jīng)典 會寫八股文
the literally skills opened the way to the office, to coming ahead and getting ahead in life
只有具備寫文章的本領(lǐng)才能高中頭榜 升官發(fā)財
that was major the discouragement for the fine arts spirits of the nation
這一點大大打擊了一個國家追求創(chuàng)新的精神
this is of course a message we have to ponder on
這個觀點確實值得我們思索
but it didn’t say,
但是 Nathan Steven并沒有說
and that is Nathan Steven’s brilliance
這也是他聰明的地方
It didn’t say that Chinese had any inherent or hereditary or linguistic
他沒有說中國有一種內(nèi)在的、遺傳的或者說語言上問題
Because some people pretend that that is the question of language
因為有人覺得中國科技的落后是由于語言造成的
In Chinese language you could not think logically and so on
漢語不利于思考邏輯等等
Nonsense of course
當(dāng)然是一派胡言
In fact this university now boosts so many Noble Prize winners
我們看看北京大學(xué)出了多少諾貝爾獎
It is of course already an approval
這種說法就不攻自破了
But what is more interesting is that
但是有趣的是
when the western science was introduced
當(dāng)西方的科學(xué)引入中國
First of all by Matteo Ricci who brought Euclidian mathematics to China and translated it
首先是利瑪竇將歐幾里的《幾何原本》翻譯成中文介紹給中國
That is extremely welcomed by the Chinese as well as western astronomy
中國人像西方天文學(xué)家一樣歡迎這本書
Very soon they were better than their European mentors
很快 他們在這方面就超過了歐洲
And not only they were better than the mentors
不僅是學(xué)生超過了老師
But they made a very important distinction
中國還指出了一個重要區(qū)別
Because if you read Matteo Ricci’s introduction to Euclid
利瑪竇介紹歐幾里德時說
He says Euclid shows that the God is the great mathematician
歐幾里德說上帝是一個偉大的數(shù)學(xué)家
The great geometry
偉大的幾何學(xué)家
He planned the world
上帝設(shè)計了世界
He kind of mixed his own theology with what we call, well, just science
他把自己的神學(xué)和我們所謂的科學(xué)混淆在了一起
And the Chinese immediately saw through that
中國人很快就看透了這一點
They said he is trying to amalgamate two things that are both respectful
說利瑪竇把兩種都十分讓人尊敬的東西混淆在了一起
They didn’t disparage religion, no
中國人沒有蔑視宗教
But they said you can’t mix these things
只是說不能把兩種混為一談
One is a matter of believe
一種是信仰
And the other one is a question of demonstration of ---- thinking
一種是思想的表現(xiàn)
When Ricci still was in China
利瑪竇還在中國時
The thinker from southern China
中國南方的思想家
Lizhi, in Quanzhou
泉州的李贄
Wrote already famous commentary and said
就寫了著名的評論
This is fine
這樣很好
He brings all the science
他帶來了科學(xué)
We very much welcome it
我們十分歡迎
But the other thing you know
但是也帶來了其他東西
Is not that I don’t like it
并不是我不喜歡
It’s interesting, Adam and Eve, and the creation of the world
故事當(dāng)然十分有趣 亞當(dāng)、夏娃、創(chuàng)世紀(jì)
But we heard that already from the Arabs
但是我們從阿拉伯人那里已經(jīng)聽說了
We know that
我們知道這樣的故事
That’s some other way of thinking
這是另外一種思維方式
That is something not the same
是與科學(xué)不一樣的東西
He made the clear distinction
李贄把科學(xué)和宗教分開
So they did something at that time in Europe no one except for Galileo perhaps, was able to say publicly
在歐洲，除了伽利略，沒有一個人敢公開這樣說
So this is one of the many questions
這只是其中一個問題
And I think today…and sorry we won’t say the last word about it
今天就不全部講了
Anyway, thanks for you
謝謝你的提問
Any other questions?
還有其他問題嗎？
Thank you very much for your lecture
感謝您的講座
I enjoyed it immensely
我十分喜歡
This is not a question but I heard tea became very popular among the Zen monks
我聽說茶受日本禪僧的歡迎
because the caffeine content helped the Zen monks to endure the long chants
是因為茶里的
咖啡因可以讓他們念經(jīng)
And especially the meditation.
尤其是打坐時
They are not supposed to sleep
不打瞌睡
So kind of ----between tea and Zen monks
That’s one thing I heard
這是我聽來的故事
My question is that sometimes Confucius teaching is considered as a religion
我的問題是有時人們把儒教當(dāng)成一種宗教
And sometimes it is considered as a philosophy
有時是一種哲學(xué)
I am not playing the terminology, the semantics game here
我在這里并不是玩文字游戲
Is it really a religion or is it a philosophy
儒教到底應(yīng)該是宗教還是哲學(xué)呢
How it is considered in today’s Chinese teaching?
中國現(xiàn)在怎么看待這個問題
Well thank you very much
非常感謝
It’s a very important question
這是一個重要的問題
My friend Du Weiming from Harvard university
我的朋友 哈fo大學(xué)的杜維明
who is following the footsteps of Kang Youwei,
跟康有為一樣也是儒學(xué)家
I showed him in our power point presentation
剛才大家在幻燈片里見過康有為
These are modern Confucius scholars who think that China should have a national religion again
有一些現(xiàn)代的儒學(xué)家認(rèn)為中國應(yīng)該重新設(shè)立一個國教
And Confucianism is the answer
這個國教就是儒教
I respect their endeavors
我欣賞他們的努力
I wonder if it is realistic to think so
但是認(rèn)為這并不現(xiàn)實
Perhaps I am a bit more conservative
也許我比較保守
I don’t think it’s completely doing what be called Confucianism
我認(rèn)為這完全超出了儒教的應(yīng)有之義
The thought of Kongzi as we know it as we can understand it through many versions of west sayings and commentaries
現(xiàn)在我們從西方著作和評論中了解到的孔子的思想
I don’t think it’s using justice to something very fundamental in China
并不能反映中國的本質(zhì)
As I said, the Five Classics who are supposed to be the foundation,
我說過 五經(jīng)被認(rèn)為是中國的基礎(chǔ)
the Torah, the meshina of Confucian, that is the commentary elaboration,
是圣經(jīng)-----，這是評論界的解釋
where all considered just as our own Pentateuch with the rites, with ritual, with worship, with sacrifice
認(rèn)為像我們的摩西五書一樣，有儀式，有膜拜，有祭祀
What Kongzi did was to elaborate a system of thought
孔子闡釋的是思想體系
An explanation giving meaning to this religious form of the worship, behavior and so on
他讓所有的宗教儀式、行為都有了意義
He gave a new meaning to it
而且是賦予了新的意義
And the new meaning was that it all meant that you have to be a good person
那就是所有的宗教形式都是讓你去做一個好人
You should behave morally
人要做一個有道德的人
That the state should not abuse its power
國家不能濫用其權(quán)力
That we should love each other and help each other
人與人之間要互相友愛 相互幫助
That is the elaboration on the basis of religious practice
這是在宗教行為基礎(chǔ)上的闡釋
Much as in early philosophy like Decart
很像Decart這樣的早期哲學(xué)
Based his logical system on a theological background
把自身的邏輯體系建立在神學(xué)背景上
We see the same thing very early in China
中國很早以前就出現(xiàn)了這種情形
From the background of theological thought
在神學(xué)思想的背景下
A philosophy was born
哲學(xué)誕生了
Is it a philosophy?
真的是哲學(xué)嗎？
Is it just wisdom, sageliness?
還是僅僅是智慧、圣賢
I don’t think we should be subjective
我想我們應(yīng)該避免主觀
There is some very philosophical way of thinking there
確實有非常明顯的哲學(xué)思維方式
And it’s absolutely clear that Confucius himself,
而且孔子本人
and that you can make up for anything that happened,
你可以隨便找一個事例
made a clear distinction between the practice of religion and his own thought system
也把宗教行為和自己的思想體系做了明顯的區(qū)分
So therefore
因此
Thanking you for your question
我要感謝你問了這個問題
I really think Confucianism is a philosophy
我認(rèn)為儒教是一種哲學(xué)
Thank you for your class today
謝謝您的講座
Many people in American see China rising naturally and inevitably to the position as dominate world power
現(xiàn)在很多美國人認(rèn)為中國將不可避免的崛起為世界強國
First you see the future of China
看到了中國未來發(fā)展的方向
And then what are the major challenges China have negotiate to get there
您認(rèn)為中國在發(fā)展過程中有哪些主要挑戰(zhàn)？
What are the circumstance that might interfere with China eventually achieving that position
哪些因素會阻礙中國實現(xiàn)它的目標(biāo)？
I am sorry you have to repeat because the resonance here is very hard under this roof it didn’t come over so could you reform it once more please?
對不起 請重復(fù)一下你的問題 回音太重我沒有聽清楚 您能在講一遍嗎？
Many people in American see China rising naturally and inevitably to the position as dominate world power
現(xiàn)在很多美國人認(rèn)為中國將不可避免的崛起為世界強國
Do you see that as the future of China?
您認(rèn)為是這樣嗎
And what are the major challenges of China would have to negotiate
中國在發(fā)展過程中有哪些主要挑戰(zhàn)？
And what circumstance might interfere with China rising to that dominate world power
哪些因素會阻礙中國實現(xiàn)它的目標(biāo)？
Yes, thank you very much
好的 謝謝
We see a rival in the world nowadays of what 100 years ago was called the yellow parrel
我們現(xiàn)在的對手 一百年前叫做------
There is some kind of idea
有人會想
Wow what’s going to happen?
哇 將會發(fā)生什么
In France there was a statesman called Rouge Palfe
法國有一個政客叫Rouge Palfe
I don’t know if he has been much translated into English
我不知道是否有英文譯本
He wrote one book after the other when China stirs, the world will change when China wakens
他寫了很多書 說中國覺醒后 世界會發(fā)生變化
Napodium has said that too you know
Napodium也這樣說過
There’s some myth
現(xiàn)在存在一些誤讀
There’s some great myth
很大的誤讀
One is the myth that China is a big market
第一個是認(rèn)為中國是一個很大的市場
you just have to walk into and you sell you stuff and you get rich over night
來到中國 賣出東西 你就能一夜暴富
Well, it isn’t that easy you know
當(dāng)然 這可不是那么容易的
China is a big market
中國是一個大市場
for people who know Chinese
但那是對懂中文的人來說
I don’t just think the language, but also the culture, and the people of China
我指的并不僅僅是語言 還包括文化和人文
People of China are not to be urged to rob
中國人不會---
and to manufacture goods for our sake
更不對為了我們生產(chǎn)東西
They are right to produce things they are also useful for them
他們當(dāng)然有權(quán)利生產(chǎn)對自己有用的東西
I am sorry for saying that
請原諒我這樣說
There are things we have to learn still after all these things
經(jīng)歷了很多之后 我們還有許多東西需要學(xué)習(xí)
The other myth is that China repents danger
另外一個誤讀是 中國是威脅
I don’t talk about ancient China
我說的不是古代中國
2000 years before it became imperial state
2000年前中國就是一個帝國了
But I have shown you the pictures of t he Imperial Palace
但是我給大家看了故宮的圖片
Is that a place of violence?
這是一個充滿暴力的地方嗎
Is that a place of aggression?
這是一個讓你感受到侵略的地方嗎
Is that a place stolen or conquering?
這是偷來的東西或是戰(zhàn)利品嗎
No
都不是
There is a Chinese way of expansion
中國有自己擴張的方式
It is misunderstood
這種方式被誤解了
When I talked about all those Chinese restaurants and all those Chinese students
我提到的那些在國外的中國餐館和中國學(xué)生
People are talking about the Chinese Diaspora
人們把他們說成是流落他鄉(xiāng)
Right?
對嗎
Well, get that notion of mine please
請大家不要誤解我的意思
When you have the Diaspora, like the Jews
我們說到猶太人的出埃及記
You have lost your country
猶太人喪失了自己的國家
But the Chinese in the United States or in Canada
但是在美國或加拿大的中國人
They are now so predominant in Vancouver or somewhere else
在溫哥華等地華人非常多
Anywhere in the world
不管在哪兒
They haven’t lost their country
他們都沒有失去自己的國家
They are part of global expansion
他們?nèi)驍U張的一部分
but in a different way from our capitalist expansion
但與我們帝國主義的擴張不同
Our capitalist expansion from our cooperation is from above
帝國主義的擴張是自上而下的
Investing a lot of money,
投資很多錢
sending high paid people patriots who need their purse their houses their special schools and all that
給那些為金錢、為房子、為了孩子上好學(xué)校的人付以高薪
Cost a lot of money
成本非常高
Is it effective?
但是有效嗎
Not really
不見得
The Chinese expansion is the Buddhist expansion
中國的擴張是fo教式的擴張
It’s from the under world
是自下而上的
It’s the poor guy
是窮人進(jìn)行的
Who says may I come in
我能在這里工作嗎
Nothing to eat at home
家里沒吃的了
My mother is hungry
老母親還在挨餓
I come and earn little money sent back home please
我想掙一點錢寄給家里
Ok, then he comes.
好 然后他就工作了
He does all the work others perhaps didn’t want to do like building those rail roads and did it very well
做的都是別人不愿意做的活 比如修鐵路
They stand until today
他們今天仍然有立足之地
They work as very skilled workers Those Chinese worked on the American railroads
那些在美國修鐵路的華工 成了熟練的技術(shù)工人
And then they sent their children to school
然后他們就有錢送孩子去上學(xué)
And then they built, they come up from above
他們有了基礎(chǔ) 可以社會上層發(fā)展
That is kind of peaceful expansion
這是一種和平的擴張
I think we should all welcome
我想我們都應(yīng)該歡迎
And together they bring culture
他們也帶來了文化
They bring food culture to the Unites States
他們給美國帶來了飲食文化
Was about time perhaps
假以時日
They bring another food culture, another way of eating
就會有一種新的飲食文化 另外一種飲食方式
It’s good for you
對大家身體有益
Ok, shall we call it a day?
我們今天就講到這里吧
Thanks a lot!
非常感謝！
And have a good time in China!
希望大家在中國玩的愉快
Do not hesitate to write to me
可以寫信給我
My email address is on the internet site of the Hanban
我的電子郵箱在漢辦的網(wǎng)頁上
So if you have any questions
有問題的話寫信給我
Do not hesitate to write I will be glad to answer
我非常樂意解答
Thank you
謝謝
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施舟人教授簡歷 (Kristofer Schipper)
工作經(jīng)歷：
1962-1970年:法國遠(yuǎn)東研究院(EFEO)研究員，臺灣中央研究院訪問學(xué)者；
1971-2001年: 法國高等研究院(EPHE)教授；
1993-1999年: 荷蘭國立萊頓大學(xué)(LEIDEN)中國史講座教授；
2001年至今: 在福州大學(xué)創(chuàng)辦西觀藏書樓。
學(xué)歷：
1954-58年: 巴黎東方語言大學(xué)(INALCO)中文專業(yè)；
1958-62 年: 法國高等研究院(EPHE)漢學(xué)博士；
1983年: 獲法國國家文學(xué)博士(Doctorat d"Etat ès Lettres)。
職務(wù)與榮銜：
法國國家科技中心(CNRS)東方學(xué)主任委員；
法蘭西科學(xué)院漢學(xué)研究所所長；
荷蘭國立萊頓大學(xué)漢學(xué)院院長；
2003：中國福建省友誼獎；
2004: 法國榮譽騎士勛位；
2004：中國人民共和國友誼獎；
2008：”感動中國”國際友人之一。
主要學(xué)術(shù)成就與代表作：
1960年代在臺灣從事八年的田野調(diào)查后，應(yīng)聘在法國高等研究院從事中國宗教史教學(xué)與研究，并于1970年代在巴黎發(fā)起成立了歐洲漢學(xué)協(xié)會，組織了當(dāng)時歐洲漢學(xué)界最大的學(xué)術(shù)項目”道藏通考”。1979年起與中國大陸學(xué)術(shù)界建立聯(lián)系，與北京大學(xué)侯仁之教授、中國社科院徐萍芳教授等共同組織了”圣城北京”國際漢學(xué)合作項目。受業(yè)博士弟子在歐美、中國大陸港臺二十多所高等院�；蜓芯繖C構(gòu)擔(dān)任漢學(xué)教職或負(fù)責(zé)人。
主要學(xué)術(shù)著作：
《道體論》，原著法文，有英、荷、日、意等文本。
《道藏通考》，原著英文，美國芝加哥大學(xué)出版社出版。
《莊子》、《老子》、《論語》荷蘭文譯本，由荷蘭Augustus出版社出版。另有《漢武帝內(nèi)傳研究》、《中國文化基因庫》等漢學(xué)論著十多種、論文近百篇。
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施舟人教授介紹(法文)
Kristofer Schipper
Diplômé de l"EPHE, 5e section (1962), licencié de chinois à la faculté des lettres de Paris (1961), diplômé de l"École des langues orientales (chinois, 1958 ; japonais, 1960) et ancien élève de l"École du Louvre (1957-1958), Kristofer Schipper est membre de l"EFEO de 1962 à 1972 et affecté à Taiwan de 1962 à 1970, pour y établir la première antenne sinologique. Il quitte l"École pour devenir directeur d"études des religions de la Chine à l"EPHE, Ve section (1973). Par la suite, il est de nouveau envoyé pour une courte mission par l"EFEO à Taiwan, en 1974, afin de recueillir des documents et veiller sur les travaux d"impression en cours. Il est docteur d"Etat ès lettres en 1983.
Formé par Rolf A. Stein et Max Kaltenmark, il est spécialiste de l"histoire du taoïsme. Dès son arrivée à Taiwan, il découvre ce que J. J M. De Groot avait subrepticement évoqué un siècle plus tôt : la religion taoïste vivante. Pour appronfondir cet aspect, honni à l"époque par les intellectuels chinois et ignoré de leurs collègues occidentaux, il suit lui-même une initiation de maître taoïste, qui aboutira en 1968 à son ordination. Grâce à cette « observation participante » avant la lettre, il mène des enquêtes sur l"une des dernières églises vivantes du taoïsme et réunit une masse considérable de documents originaux et de renseignements de première main. Désireux de guider les futurs chercheurs dans les labyrinthes du taoïsme, il dirige parallèlement l"établissement d"index d"ouvres taoïstes classiques. Résultat de son expérience de terrain et de son savoir, son ouvre majeure, Le Corps taoïste, décrit et analyse la manière dont le corps social (les participants aux rituels communautaires), le corps physique (celui de l"adepte pratiquant l"alchimie intérieure) et le corps cosmique (le corps comme macrocosme) sont imbriqués. Ses plus récentes recherches l"ont amené à s"intéresser de très près aux structures liturgiques de la ville de Pékin, dont les résultats paraissent, numéro après numéro, dans la revue qu"il a fondée en 1997, Sanjiao wenxian. Matériaux pour l"étude de la religion chinoise (Paris/Leyde, École pratique des hautes études/Center for Non-Western Studies).
Fondateur et directeur du Centre de documentation et d"étude du taoïsme de l"EPHE, il a été également directeur de l"Institut des hautes études chinoises du Collège de France (1987-1992), directeur du projet Tao-tsang, qui doit prochainement aboutir dans la publication, en collaboration avec Franciscus Verellen, de The Taoist Canon: A historical compendium to the Daozang. Il a été par ailleurs responsable de deux groupes de recherche du CNRS : « Bibliographie taoïste » (1979-1985) et « Pékin ville sainte » (1996-1999).
(Né à Järnskog (Pays-Bas), 1934.
Membre de l"EFEO de 1962 à 1972.)
Publications
1965
L"empereur Wou des Han dans la légende taoïste, Han-wou-ti nei-tchouan, Paris, EFEO (PEFEO, 58).
1965
Concordance du Pao-p"ou-tseu nei-pien, Paris, IHEC.
1970
Concordance du Pao-p"ou-tseu wai-pien, Paris, IHEC.
1975
Concordance du Tao-Tsang : titres des ouvrages, Paris, EFEO (PEFEO, 102).
1975
Le Fen-teng, rituel taoïste, Paris, EFEO (PEFEO, 103).
1975
Concordance du Houan-T"ing, Nei-King et Wai-King, Paris, EFEO (PEFEO, 104).
1981-82
Index du Yunji Qiqian, vol. 1 : Traits 1-8, vol. 2 : Traits 9-33. Paris, EFEO (PEFEO, 131).
1982
Le corps taoïste - corps physique, corps social, Paris, Fayard.
2005
The Taoist Canon: A historical compendium to the Daozang, (éd. avec F. Verellen), Chicago, University Of Chicago Press.
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Schipper Kristofer Marinus
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