1.首段的轉(zhuǎn)折/對(duì)比
只要首段中出現(xiàn)一對(duì)處于對(duì)比狀況的概念，命題專家通常都會(huì)就此設(shè)置考題，
考生應(yīng)掌握這一規(guī)律，在看到文章首段出現(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)折對(duì)比的內(nèi)容時(shí)，應(yīng)當(dāng)立即集中
注意力，同時(shí)還要明白，第一段出現(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系時(shí)，轉(zhuǎn)折后所表述的一定是文章
的中心議題，而在首段出現(xiàn)的對(duì)照或?qū)Ρ鹊膬?nèi)容將在下文中進(jìn)行具體的議論，
并在文章最后得出結(jié)論。
例
Few creations of big technology capture the imagination like giant
dams. Perhaps it is human kind's long suffering at the mercy of
flood and drought that makes the ideal of forcing the waters to do
our bidding so fascinating. But to be fascinated is also, sometimes,
to be blind. Several giant dam projects threaten to do more harm
than good.

The third sentence of paragraph 1 implies that .（轉(zhuǎn)折)
［A］ people would be happy if they shut their eyes to reality
［B］ the blind could be happier than the sighted
［C］ over_excited people tend to neglect vital things
［D］ fascination makes people lose their eyesight［1998年51題］
C［正確答案］

2. 文中的轉(zhuǎn)折
例
It is a remarkable record, stretching back over 70 years―yet the
BBC's future is now in doubt.

The world famous BBC now faces .
［A］ the problem of new coverage［B］ an uncertain prospect
［C］ inquiries by the general public［D］ shrinkage of audience
［1996年55題］
B［正確答案］

七、復(fù)指原則
在歷年的考題中，應(yīng)用復(fù)指原則設(shè)問的題目較多，此類題目的考點(diǎn)是復(fù)指代詞
或與復(fù)指副詞作用相同的詞。1994年、1995年時(shí)此類題目大多是直接問考生文
章某句中的“it”或“that”等代詞指代什么。近幾年此類題目的問法開始轉(zhuǎn)
向隱蔽，但無論題目用何種方式設(shè)問，考生都應(yīng)當(dāng)記住，此類題目的答案的位
置必定在復(fù)指詞的上文中。因此，此類題目的解答只需返回原文，在復(fù)指詞上
方掃描即可找到正確答案。如果按閱讀習(xí)慣接著讀下面的句子或段落，無論看
多少遍也找不到答案。
例
For a long period of time and in many parts of the country, a
traveler was a welcome break in an otherwise dull existence.
Dullness and loneliness were common problems of the families who
generally lived distant from one another. Strangers and travelers
were welcome sources of diversion, and brought news of the outside
world.
The harsh realities of the frontier also shaped this tradition of
hospitality. Someone traveling alone, if hungry, injured, or ill,
often had nowhere to turn except to the nearest cabin or settlement.
It was not a matter of choice for the traveler or merely a
charitable impulse on the part of the settlers. It reflected the
harshness of daily life: if you didn't take in the stranger and take
care of him, there was no one else who would. And someday, remember,
you might be in the same situation.

Families in frontier settlements used to entertain strangers .
［A］ to improve their hard life
［B］ in view of their long_distance travel
［C］ to add some flavor to their own daily life
［D］ out of a charitable impulse［1997年57題］
C［正確答案］

八、類比原則
議論文和說明文在論證說明事理的時(shí)候均很抽象，為了讓讀者更形象地理解一
些抽象的內(nèi)容，文章常會(huì)采用類比的手法。形象的類比不僅有助于將抽象的道
理闡釋清楚，更可以讓讀者加深印象。類比在文中有兩種體現(xiàn)方式，一是明
喻，即A像B一樣；二是暗喻，說A是B，由于暗喻更加隱蔽，近年來命題專家也
越來越趨向于在暗喻內(nèi)容上設(shè)問。
例
The mechanic should sit down among levers, screws, wedges, wheels,
etc., like a poet among the letters of the alphabet, considering
them as an exhibition of his thoughts, in which a new arrangement
transmits a new idea.

A technologist can be compared to an artist because .(明喻)
［A］ they are both winners of awards
［B］ they are both experts in spatial thinking
［C］ they both abandon verbal description
［D］ they both use various instruments［1996年65題］
B［正確答案］

九、例證原則
讓事實(shí)說話往往是最有效的論證方式之一，命題專家在設(shè)置題目時(shí)往往也會(huì)針
對(duì)文中的事例設(shè)問，考查考生對(duì)局部結(jié)構(gòu)的理解。例證題1994年第一次出現(xiàn)在
考研試卷上，共兩道題，占4分。但在1995年至1998年間，沒有出現(xiàn)過一道例證
題，1999年再次出現(xiàn)，一樣是兩道題，占4分。之后，幾乎每年的考題都有一至
兩道例證題，這就說明考研命題的一大特點(diǎn)，命題規(guī)則總是不斷重復(fù)的。
考生們?cè)趹?yīng)用例證原則解題時(shí)還應(yīng)注意常用的例證方式有兩種：一是先提出觀
點(diǎn)，后舉例說明；二是先列舉事例再做出結(jié)論�？忌鷳�(yīng)當(dāng)學(xué)會(huì)舉一反三，不要
被各種原則的變化形式所迷惑。
例
Now the tide appears to be turning. As personal injury claims
continue as before, some courts are beginning to side with
defendants, especially in cases where a warning label probably
wouldn't have changed anything.In May, Julie Nimmons, president of
Schutt Sports in Illinois, successfully fought a lawsuit involving a
football player who was paralyzed in a game while wearing a Schutt
helmet. “We're really sorry he has become paralyzed, but helmets
aren't designed to prevent those kinds of injuries,” says Nimmons.
The jury agreed that the nature of the game, not the helmet, was the
reason for the athlete's injury. At the same time, the American Law
Institute―a group of judges, lawyers, and academics whose
recommendations carry substantial weight―issued new guidelines for
tort law stating that companies need not warn customers of obvious
dangers or bombard them with a lengthy list of possible ones.
“Important information can get buried in a sea of trivialities,”
says a law professor at Cornell Law School who helped draft the new
guidelines. If the moderate end of the legal community has its way,
the information on products might actually be provided for the
benefit of customers and not as protection against legal liability.

The case of Schutt helmet demonstrated that .
［A］some injury claims were no longer supported by law
［B］helmets were not designed to prevent injuries
［C］product labels would eventually be discarded
［D］some sports games might lose popularity with athletes［1999年53
題］
A［正確答案］

十、句子理解原則
這種題型旨在考查文中某一句話的內(nèi)涵。因此在解題時(shí)，考生要牢牢抓住這句
話本身，弄清楚它的每個(gè)單詞、每個(gè)表達(dá)及整個(gè)句子所傳遞的信息，可以借助
周邊的句子來幫助理解，但不要跑得太遠(yuǎn)。
例
In the US and Canada,where the right_to_die movement is gathering
strength, observers are waiting for the dominoes to start falling.

When the author says that “observers are waiting for the dominoes
to start falling”, he means .
［A］ observers are taking a wait_and_see attitude towards the
future of euthanasia
［B］ similar bills are likely to be passed in the US, Canada and
other countries
［C］ observers are waiting to see the result of the game of dominoes
［D］ the effect_taking process of the passed bill may finally come
to a stop［1997年52題］
B［正確答案］

十一、詞匯原則
閱讀中的詞匯題通常會(huì)有兩種情況，一種是考生一看到所考的單詞立刻心跳加
速：“完了，這個(gè)詞不認(rèn)識(shí)，大綱上也沒有。”還有就是一看到單詞，立刻欣
喜不已：“哈哈，這么容易的單詞�！钡谝环N情況下考生往往會(huì)隨便猜一個(gè)選
項(xiàng)，錯(cuò)誤率很高。而第二種情況下，考生往往落入命題專家的陷阱，不知不覺
地失了分，原因是考生并沒有掌握閱讀詞匯題的基本命題原則。
在閱讀部分的詞匯題要考的并不是考生認(rèn)不認(rèn)識(shí)題中所考的單詞，否則便是命
題失效。此處要考的是考生閱讀中的推斷能力，也就是說題中所考單詞的詞義
必定能根據(jù)上下文推斷出來。所以考生在遇到閱讀中的詞匯題時(shí)，一定要冷
靜，去上下文中細(xì)找，推斷出詞義后，可將詞義代入原文看是否通暢。
例1
Railroads justify rate discrimination against captive shippers on
the grounds that in the long run it reduces everyone's cost. If
railroads charged all customers the same average rate, they argue,
shippers who have the option of switching to trucks or other forms
of transportation would do so, leaving remaining customers to
shoulder the cost of keeping up the line. It's a theory to which
many economists subscribe, but in practice it often leaves railroads
in the position of determining which companies will flourish and
which will fail. “Do we really want railroads to be the arbiters of
who wins and who loses in the marketplace?” asks Martin Bercovici,
a Washington lawyer who frequently represents shippers.

The word “arbiters” most probably refers to those.
［A］ who work as coordinators［B］ who function as judges
［C］ who supervise transactions［D］ who determine the price［2003年
54題］
B［正確答案］

例2
For any job search, you should start with a narrow concept―what you
think you want to do―then broaden it. “None of these programs do
that,” says another expert. “There's no career counseling implicit
in all of this.” Instead, the best strategy is to use the agent as
a kind of tip service to keep abreast of jobs in a particular
database; when you get E_mail, consider it a reminder to check the
database again. “I would not rely on agents for finding everything
that is added to a database that might interest me,” says the
author of a job_searching guide.

The expression “tip service” most probably means .
［A］ advisory［B］ compensation
［C］ interaction［D］ reminder［2004年43題］
D［正確答案］

十二、判斷原則
判斷題型考查考生在現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中的閱讀技能即快速、準(zhǔn)確尋找所需信息的能
力，要求考生能夠看懂題目提供的四個(gè)選項(xiàng)并在文中檢索相關(guān)信息。這種題目
比較耗費(fèi)時(shí)間，在緊張的考試中，容易給考生帶來心理壓力，因此面對(duì)此類題
型考生首先要調(diào)整心理狀態(tài)，細(xì)致冷靜地返回到文章中去尋找答案。
面對(duì)判斷原則的題目，考生必須先讀懂題目所給的四個(gè)選項(xiàng)，記住它們的意
思，返回原文去掃描，搜尋信息點(diǎn)，與題目不相關(guān)的句子、語段很快掠過，相
關(guān)信息語言區(qū)域則要求考生必須細(xì)致地對(duì)照原文中的信息。
判斷原則有兩種題型：

1. 一正三誤
要求考生找出四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中惟一正確的一個(gè)，檢驗(yàn)答案時(shí)要注意這種題型最常采
用的三種命題方式是：正話反說、反話正說和關(guān)鍵詞替換。
例
No company likes to be told it is contributing to the moral decline
of nation. “Is this what you intended to accomplish with your
careers?” Senator Robert Dole asked Time Warner executives last
week. “You have sold your souls, but must you corrupt our nation
and threaten our children as well?” At Time Warner, however, such
questions are simply the latest manifestation of the soul_searching
that has involved the company ever since the company was born in
1990. It's a self_examination that has, at various times, involved
issues of responsibility, creative freedom and the corporate bottom
line.
At the core of this debate is chairman Gerald Levin, 56, who took
over for the late Steve Ross in 1992. On the financial front, Levin
is under pressure to raise the stock price and reduce the company's
mountainous debt, which will increase to $17.3 billion after two new
cable deals close. He has promised to sell off some of the property
and restructure the company, but investors are waiting impatiently.
The flap over rap is not making life any easier for him. Levin has
consistently defended the company's rap music on the grounds of
expression. In 1992, when Time Warner was under fire for releasing
Ice_T's violent rap song Cop Killer, Levin described rap as a lawful
expression of street culture, which deserves an outlet. “The test
of any democratic society,” he wrote in a Wall Street Journal
column, “l(fā)ies not in how well it can control expression but in
whether it gives freedom of thought and expression the widest
possible latitude, however disputable or irritating the results may
sometimes be. We won't retreat in the face of any threats.”
Levin would not comment on the debate last week, but there were
signs that the chairman was backing off his hard_line stand, at
least to some extent. During the discussion of rock singing verses
at last month's stockholders' meeting, Levin asserted that “music
is not the cause of society's ills” and even cited his son, a
teacher in the Bronx, New York, who uses rap to communicate with
students. But he talked as well about the “balanced struggle”
between creative freedom and social responsibility, and he announced
that the company would launch a drive to develop standards for
distribution and labeling of potentially objectionable music.
The 15_member Time Warner board is generally supportive of Levin and
his corporate strategy. But insiders say several of them have shown
their concerns in this matter. “Some of us have known for many,
many years that the freedoms under the First Amendment are not
totally unlimited,” says Luce. “I think it is perhaps the case
that some people associated with the company have only recently come
to realize this.”

The last sentence of the first paragraph most probably implies that .
［A］ Luce is a spokesman of Time Warner
［B］ Gerald Levin is liable to compromise
［C］ Time Warner is united as one in the face of the debate
［D］ Steve Ross is no longer alive［1997年64題］
D［正確答案］

2. 三正一誤
要求考生判斷哪一個(gè)選項(xiàng)與文章不符。檢驗(yàn)答案時(shí)有兩種方式，一是正確選項(xiàng)
所給的信息在文中根本沒有提到過，二是正確選項(xiàng)所給信息與文中其他內(nèi)容相
互沖突。
例
With the start of BBC World Service Television, millions of viewers
in Asia and America can now watch the Corporation's news coverage,
as well as listening to it. And of course in Britain listeners and
viewers can tune in to two BBC television channels, five BBC
national radio services and dozens of local radio stations. They are
brought sport, comedy, drama, music, news and current affairs,
education, religion, parliamentary coverage, children's programmes
and films for an annual licence fee of ￡83 per household.
It is a remarkable record, stretching back over 70 years―yet the
BBC's future is now in doubt. The Corporation will survive as a
publicly_funded broadcasting organisation, at least for the time
being, but its role, its size and its programmes are now the subject
of a nation_wide debate in Britain.
The debate was launched by the Government, which invited anyone with
an opinion of the BBC―including ordinary listeners and viewers―to
say what was good or bad about the Corporation, and even whether
they thought it was worth keeping. The reason for its inquiry is
that the BBC’s royal charter runs out in 1996 and it must decide
whether to keep the organisation as it is, or to make changes.
Defenders of the Corporation―of whom there are many―are fond of
quoting the American slogan “If it ain't broken, don't fix it.”
The BBC “ain't broke”,they say, by which they mean it is not
broken (as distinct from the word ‘broke’, meaning having no
money), so why bother to change it?
Yet the BBC will have to change, because the broadcasting world
around it is changing. The commercial TV channels―TV and Channel 4―
were required by the Thatcher Government's Broadcasting Act to
become more commercial, competing with each other for advertisers,
and cutting costs and jobs. But it is the arrival of new satellite
channels―funded partly by advertising and partly by viewers'
subscriptions―which will bring about the biggest changes in the
long term.

In the passage, which of the following about the BBC is not
mentioned as the key issue?
［A］ Extension of its TV service to Far East.
［B］ Programmes as the subject of a nation_wide debate.
［C］ Potentials for further international co_operations.
［D］ Its existence as a broadcasting organisation.［1996年56題］
C［正確答案］

在1996年至2004年考研試卷的180道閱讀題目中，上文中所總結(jié)的原則不斷重復(fù)
出現(xiàn)，有時(shí)甚至兩個(gè)或三個(gè)原則相互重疊。不以規(guī)矩，無以成方圓。命題專家
在設(shè)計(jì)考題時(shí)必定會(huì)遵循一定的原則，而考生則應(yīng)當(dāng)在復(fù)習(xí)應(yīng)考時(shí)掌握并熟練
應(yīng)用這12大原則，以求達(dá)到事半功倍的效果。

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