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考研英語語法重點(diǎn)解析及基本句型

   掌握句子的基本句型有助于了解句子的基本結(jié)構(gòu),便于進(jìn)行句子分析,尤其是那些比較復(fù)雜的長難句。

  一、主+系+表(SVP)
  此句型結(jié)構(gòu)中謂語動詞是系動詞,后接表語,構(gòu)成系表結(jié)構(gòu),常見系動詞有be,become, look,seem,appear,get,feel,grow,turn,remain,come(變得),fall(變成),hold,keep, stand,stay(保持),smell,sound,taste等。
  例句: It was no coincidence that his car was seen near the bank at the time of the robbery. (2001年第12題)
  分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,其中it是形式主語,真正的主語是that his car was seen...。
  譯文: 劫案發(fā)生時有人看見他的車停在銀行附近,這絕非巧合。
  例句: This seems a justification for neglect of those in need, and a rationalization of exploitation, of the superiority of those at the top and the inferiority of those at the bottom. (2011年第48題)
  分析: 該句是簡單句,主干部分是This seems a justification and a rationalization;其中介詞短語for neglect of those in need作后置定語,修飾第一個表語a justification,另外兩個介詞短語of exploitation和of the superiority of those at the top and the inferiority of those at the bottom均作后置定語,修飾第二個表語a rationalization。those in need意為“貧困者”;those at the top意為“社會上層人士”;those at the bottom意為“社會底層人士”。
  譯文: 這一觀點(diǎn)似乎是在為忽視貧困者的行為作辯護(hù),為剝削、為社會上層人群的優(yōu)越和底層人群的卑微找理由。

  二、主+謂(不及物動詞)(SV)
  例句: From a financial standpoint alone,safety pays off. (選自1999年Cloze Test)
  分析: 該句是簡單句。
  譯文: 僅從財政的角度看,安全就大有裨益。
  例句: His efforts to bring about reconciliation between the two parties came off. (2000年第24題)
  分析: 該句是簡單句。
  譯文: 他為促成雙方和解而付出的努力取得了成功。

  三、主+謂(及物動詞)+賓(SVO)
  例句: Nobody yet knows how long and how seriously the shakiness in the financial system will drag down the economy. (1997年第25題)
  分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,how long and how seriously the shakiness in the financial system...在句中作knows的賓語。
  譯文: 無人知曉這次金融體系的動蕩會在多長時向內(nèi)、多大程度上使經(jīng)濟(jì)下滑。
  例句: Rodriguez notes that children in remote villages around the world are fans of superstars like Amold Schwarzenegger and Garth Brooks, yet some Americans fear that immigrants living within the United States remain somehow immune to the nations assimilative power. (選自2006年Text 1)
  分析: 該句是由yet連接的兩個并列復(fù)合句,在前一句中,介詞短語in remote villages around the world作定語修飾children;在后一分句中,分詞短語living within the United States作后置定語修飾immigrant。
  譯文: 羅德里格茲指出,全世界偏遠(yuǎn)地區(qū)的兒童都是像阿諾·施瓦辛格和格斯·布魯克斯這樣超級明星的“粉絲”。然而,也有一些美國人擔(dān)心生活在美國的移民在某種程度會對美國的民族同化作用有免疫力。

  四、主+謂(及物動詞)+間接賓語(指人)+直接賓語(指物)(SVOO)
  例句: Prof. Lees book will show you how what you have observed can be used in other contexts.
  分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,動詞show后接雙賓語,直接賓語常為疑問副詞或疑問代詞引導(dǎo)的賓語從句或不定式,本句中主語從句what you have observed作賓語從句中的主語。
  譯文: 李教授的書會告訴你,你所觀察到的信息如何運(yùn)用在其他語境中。
  例句: Your math instructor would have been happy to give you a makeup examination had you gone and explained that your parents were ill at the time. (1999年第11題)
  分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,其中had you gone and explained...是省略if的倒裝句,完整形式應(yīng)為if you had gone and explained...。
  譯文: 如果你跟數(shù)學(xué)老師解釋那個時候你父母病了,他也許會讓你補(bǔ)考的。

  五、主+謂(及物動詞)+賓+補(bǔ)足語(SVOC)
  賓語補(bǔ)足語可由名詞、形容詞、動詞不定式、分詞或介詞短語充當(dāng)。
  例句: I shall define him as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in Socratic way about moral problems. (2006年第46題)
  分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,主干部分為I shall define him as an individual;who引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾an individual; as his primary duty and pleasure in life在定語從句中充當(dāng)狀語,應(yīng)該置于句末,但由于定語從句中elected的賓語為the activity of thinking in Socratic way about moral problems太長,置于句末顯得更加美觀。
  譯文: 我將他定義為一個對道德問題進(jìn)行蘇格拉底式思考,并將此作為人生首要責(zé)任和樂趣的人。
  例句: Such characteristics make them perfect candidates for Dr. Brosnans and Dr. de Waals study. (選自2005年Text 1)
  分析: 該句是簡單句。
  譯文: 這樣的特質(zhì)使得他們成為布魯斯南和德瓦爾博士的最佳研究候選人。
  另外: there be句型中,there為引導(dǎo)詞,be為謂語,be后面為主語,所以there be句型屬于“主+謂”這一句子類型。
  例句: There was a very interesting remark in a book by an Englishman that I read recently giving what he thought was a reason for this American characteristic.
  分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,主干部分為there was a very interesting remark in a book,介詞短語by an Englishman和定語從句that I read recently都修飾a book,分詞結(jié)構(gòu)giving...在句中作伴隨狀語,what he thought was a reason for...作giving的賓語,what he thought又作這個賓語從句的主語。
  譯文: 我最近讀了一本由英國人寫的書,他在書中做了一個有趣的論斷,闡述了對這種美國特色形成原因的看法。
  例句: There is the Royal Shakespeare Company(RSC), which presents superb productions of the plays at the Shakespeare Memorial Theatre on the Avon. (選自2006年Text 2)
  分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,which引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾the Royal Shakespeare Company。
  譯文: 皇家莎士比亞公司專門在埃文河畔的莎士比亞紀(jì)念戲院上演莎士比亞的經(jīng)典劇目。

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