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考研英語復(fù)習(xí)王長喜英語之考研英語結(jié)構(gòu)銜接必備知識

(一)定語從句

  1.定語從句的特征

  定語從句分為限定性定語從句和非限定性定語從句。限定性定語從句與主句關(guān)系緊密,為句中不可缺少的成分,如去掉,則主句意思不完整或不明確。非限定性定語從句與主句關(guān)系松散,如去掉,主句內(nèi)容仍完整。在書面語中,非限定性定語從句一般用逗號與主句隔開。

  引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞包括:

  (1)關(guān)系代詞:that,which,whose,who, whom,as。

  (2)關(guān)系副詞:when,where,why。

  關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞在定語從句中都充當一定的句子成分:主語(who,which,that);賓語(that,which,whom);定語(whose,of which);狀語(when,where,why)。

  2.定語從句中關(guān)系詞的運用

  (1)關(guān)系代詞。

  關(guān)系代詞的選擇一般需從三方面來考慮:①先行詞是指人還是指物;②關(guān)系代詞在從句中作主語、賓語還是定語;③該從句是限定性定語從句還是非限定性定語從句。

  關(guān)系代詞作賓語時,一般可省略。如:

  I know that he is a man who/that means what he says. (先行詞指人,關(guān)系代詞在限定性定語從句中作主語)

  The man whom/that she met told her a lie. (先行詞指人,關(guān)系代詞在限定性定語從句中作賓語)

  The watch which/that was lost has been found. (先行詞指物,關(guān)系代詞在限定性定語從句中作主語)

  Here is the material which/that you need. (先行詞指物,關(guān)系代詞在限定性定語從句中作賓語)

  He is the only one whose advice she may accept. (先行詞指人,關(guān)系代詞在限定性定語從句中作定語)

  (2)關(guān)系副詞。

  關(guān)系副詞的選擇主要看先行詞。如先行詞為表示時間的名詞,如time,day等,則用when;如先行詞為表示地點的名詞,如place,house,area等,則用where;如先行詞為reason,則用why。另外,where = in which,why = for which。例如:

  I'll never forget the village where/in which I spent my childhood.

  I don't know the reason why/for which he did that.

  I'll never forget the day when I first entered the college.

  (3)關(guān)系代詞that和 which的區(qū)別。①存在以下情況之一時,只能用that來引導(dǎo)定語從句:

  第一,先行詞是all,everything,something,anything,little,nothing等不定代詞時;

  第二,先行詞前有next,first,last,only,few,much,some,any,very,no等詞修飾時;

  第三,先行詞前有形容詞最高級修飾時。例如:

  I've explained everything (that)I can to you. This is the most beautiful city (that)I've ever been to.

  ②非限定性定語從句一般不用that引導(dǎo),且關(guān)系詞不可省略。例如:

  His lecture, which bored everyone, ended at last.

  The teacher's daughter, whom I met last month, sent me an e-mail.

  (4)which和as引導(dǎo)定語從句的區(qū)別。在非限定性定語從句中,先行詞是整個句子時,一般用which或as來引導(dǎo)。which在從句中可充當主語、賓語等,as在從句中一般只充當主語。which與as引導(dǎo)此類定語從句的區(qū)別在于:which只能置于句中或句末,而as的位置比較靈活,既可置于句中、句末,又可置于句首。此外,as引導(dǎo)定語從句時還常和such,so,as或same連用,一般沒有明顯的先行詞,as一般可以譯為“正如,就像…那樣”。

  例如:Water consists of hydrogen and oxygen, which/as is known to all.

  As everybody knows, he is a good boy.

  Such things as you have described are most important to me.

  He is that kinds of man, such as people always meet.

  I have the same dictionary as you have.

  _____can be seen from the comparison of these figures, the principle involves the active participation of the patient in the modification of his condition.(1999.5)

  [A] As[B] What[C] That[D] It

  答案為[A]。As指代的是后面整句話的內(nèi)容,引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句,其他選項只能引導(dǎo)主語從句。本句意為:正如我們從比較這些數(shù)字所看到的結(jié)果一樣,這項規(guī)則需要病人在治療時積極參與。

  (5)關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中有時也作介詞的賓語。如果介詞被置于關(guān)系代詞前,一般只用介詞+which或介詞+whom,而不能用介詞+that來引導(dǎo)定語從句。如果介詞被置于從句句末,則可用that代替which或whom,且that這時可省去。

  This is the coat on which she spent 500 dollars.

  One of my classmates whom/that you are familiar with will come today.

  Living in the central Australian desert has its problems, _____ obtaining water is not the least.(1994.3)

  [A] of which[B] for what[C] as[D] whose

  答案為[A]。題目中which的先行詞是problems,在which引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語從句中作介詞of的賓語,這時關(guān)系代詞要置于介詞后面,不能省略。介詞of表示所屬關(guān)系,of which指的是“在這些問題中”。[B] 中的for表示原因,與題意不符;[C] 和[D] 也能引導(dǎo)定語從句,但都與句子的意思不符,所以只能選[A]。本句句意為:在澳大利亞中部,沙漠生活面臨許多問題,其中汲水是一個很嚴峻的問題。

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