Sample 4
Directions:
You are going to read a list of headings and a text. Choose the most suitable heading from the list A-F for each numbered paragraph (41-45). The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered. There is one extra heading which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1. (10 points)
�。跘］ What to do as a student?
［B］ Various definitions of plagiarism
�。跜］ Ideas should always be sourced
�。跠］ Ignorance can be forgiven
［E］ Plagiarism is equivalent to theft
�。跢］ The consequences of plagiarism
Scholars, writers and teachers in the modern academic community have strong feelings about acknowledging the use of another person’s ideas. In the English-speaking world, the term plagiarism is used to label the practice of not giving credit for the source of one’s ideas. Simply stated, plagiarism is “the wrongful appreciation or purloining, and publication as one’s own of the ideas, or the expression of ideas of another.”
41
The penalities for plagiarism vary from situation to situation. In many universities, the punishment may range from failure in a particular course to expulsion from the university. In the literary world, where writers are protected from plagiarism by international copyright laws, the penalty may range from a small fine to imprisonment and a ruined career. Protection of scholars and writers, through the copyright laws and through the social pressures of the academic and literary communities, is a relatively recent concept. Such social pressures and copyright laws require writers to give scrupulous attention to documentation of their sources.
42
Students, as inexperienced scholars themselves, must avoid various types of plagiarism by being self-critical in their use of other scholars’ idears and by giving appropriate credit for the source of borrowed ideas and words, otherwise dire consequences may occur. There are at least three classifications of plagiarism as it is revealed in students’ inexactness in identifying sources properly. They are plagiarism by accident, by ignorance, and by intention.
43
Plagiarism by accident, or oversight, sometimes is the result of the writer’s inability to decide or remember where the idea came from. He may have read it long ago, heard it in a lecture since forgotten, or acquired it second-hand or third-hand from discussions with colleagues. He may also have difficulty in deciding whether the idea is such common knowledge that no reference to the original source is needed. Although this type of plagiarism must be guarded against, it is the least serious and, if lessons learned, can be exempt from being severely punished.
44
Plagiarism through ignorance is simply a way of saying that inexperienced writers often do not know how or when to acknowledge their sources. The techniques for documentation - note-taking, quoting, footnoting, listing bibliography - are easily learned and can prevent the writer from making unknowing mistakes or omissions in his references. Although “there is no copyright in news, or in ideas, only in the expression of them.”the writer cannot plead ignorance when his sources for ideas are challenged.
45
The most serious kind of academic thievery is plagiarism by intention. The writer, limited by his laziness and dullness, copies the thoughts and languages of others and claims them for his own. He not only steals, he tries to deceive the reader into believing the ideas are original. Such words as immoral, dishonest, offensive, and despicable are used to describe the practice of plagiarism by intention.
The opposite of plagiarism is acknowledgement. All mature and trustworthy writers make use of the ideas of others but they are careful to acknowledge their indebtedness to their sources. Students, as developing scholars, writers, teachers, and professional leaders, should recognize and assume their responsibility to document all sources from which language and thoughts are borrowed. Other members of the profession will not only respect the scholarship, they will admire the humility and honesty.
分析：
該題型也是由一篇文章組成，文章也分割成7個部分，但只有5個題，同時給出6個選項。開頭和結(jié)尾部分仍然是提供必要的信息，文章中的5個段落都可以表達一個完整的意思，相互間也沒有什么太大聯(lián)系。該題型與題型3所考的技巧很相似，比較而言要容易些，考生只要對5個段落認真地閱讀，不難會發(fā)現(xiàn)答案，同樣先選擇自己有把握的題項。大綱所提供的材料是關(guān)于剽竊的問題，這5個問題相對比較容易，在此不作具體分析了。
正確答案為：FADCE
以上我們簡單分析了對新大綱新題型的解題方法，而對于比較常規(guī)的閱讀題，我們則可以采用以下辦法：
絕招1.妙指回春法
題型特點：
這種題的題干往往是不完整的句子，而選項往往是短語形式，根據(jù)題干的關(guān)鍵詞在文中總能找到一個代詞，則這種題用妙指回春法來解題。
解題思路：
這種題往往是根據(jù)題干的核心詞在文中找到相應(yīng)的含有代詞句子，然后往前讀一句話，看哪一個選項跟前面一句話的語義相近，則這個選項就是答案。
1.It is implied that adaptiveness and inventiveness of the early American mechanics. (1996, Passage 4，54題)
2. Families in frontier settlements used to entertain strangers . (1997, Passage 2，57題)
3.In the view of Net purists,.(1999,Passage 2，57題)
4. George Annas would probably agree that doctors should be punished if they .(2002，Text4，60題)
絕招2.是非顛倒理解法
題型特點：
文中往往用假設(shè)的方式出現(xiàn)，而選項往往用斷言的形式出現(xiàn)，正確答案的選項所表達的意思是文中假設(shè)條件句后面主句語義的反面，且多以否定形式出現(xiàn)。
解題思路：
正話反說指文中用肯定的假設(shè)方式表述，而正確答案選項用否定形式。也就是說，當(dāng)一個題針對文中的部分用假設(shè)的形式表述出來，而在題干中沒有了假設(shè)的條件而只給出結(jié)果，則選項應(yīng)該是不確定的、拿不準(zhǔn)的選項。
5. The author asserts that scientists.(1999年68題)
6. The author implies that the results of scientific research.(1999年70題)
7 .The selection of medical professionals are currently based on.(1995年65題)
絕招3.近義替換法
題型特點：
近義替換方法每年在考研真題中都能用上，并且這個類型的考題每年都有至少1-2個，近年來這種考題已經(jīng)從原來的單個短語的近義替換考查發(fā)展到較復(fù)雜結(jié)構(gòu)的短語語義替換考查。
解題思路：
對這種題，考生要緊緊抓住題干的關(guān)鍵詞或關(guān)鍵短語，找到文中這些詞或短語出現(xiàn)的地方，從而考查哪一個選項是文中相應(yīng)的句子的近義短語。如果有近義短語，則這個近義替換的選項就是答案。
8.According to the NAS’s report, one of the problems in end-of-life careis .(2002年58題)
9.The direct reason for specializationis.(2001年54題)
10.We learn from the beginning of the passage that Web business.(1999年55題)
11 . According to the author, basic computer skillsshould be.(1999年62題)
12.Futurists claim that we must.(2000年61題)
絕招4.首段主題句破題法
首句破題法：
題型特點：
一個文章后面的第一個題是細節(jié)題，則往往是考查考生對首段首句的理解。哪一個選項跟首句的語義一致,則這個選項就是答案。
解題思路：
當(dāng)發(fā)現(xiàn)首句結(jié)構(gòu)比較復(fù)雜，或者首句比較簡練而含有難以理解的詞匯，則這個題的答案一定在首段首句，考生應(yīng)該把重點放在首段首句的理解上，而不要急于讀其他部分的句子。
13. In the eyes of visitors from the outside world, .(1997, Passage 2，55題)
14. The author thinks the present rush to put computers in the classroomis. (1999, Passage 3，59題)
15.It is generally believed that ambition may be well regardedif.(2000,Passage 5，67題)
16.What is the typical trend of businesses today? (2001,Passage 4, 63題)
17.Human ingenuity was initiallydemonstrated in.(2002，Text 2，46題)
首段末句破題法
題型特點：
一個閱讀材料后面的第一個題是細節(jié)題，且題干中的核心詞在首段首句中沒有被置于重要的位置或者沒有出現(xiàn)，或者四個選項所表達的意思在首句中沒有明確的近義表達出現(xiàn)，首段首句則不是這個段落的主題句，則這種題的答案應(yīng)在首段末句出現(xiàn)，首段末句是這個段落的主題句。
解題思路：
當(dāng)發(fā)現(xiàn)閱讀材料后面的第一個題是細節(jié)題，且題干中的核心詞在首句中沒有出現(xiàn)或不在重要位置，則應(yīng)迅速讀末句以確定答案。
